Suchergebnisse

Fertility transformations observed since the early 1990s and their determinants have been rather thoroughly investigated in Lithuania. There are fairly numerous national and international studies devoted to this topic, mainly based on survey data. However, none of these studies looks into the effect of ethnicity on fertility. It is, to a large extent, caused by limitations of sample survey data. This study demonstrates potentials of census-linked fertility data to estimate robust and nationally representative parity-specific period fertility measures by ethnicity. The findings of this first systematic study of ethnicity-specific fertility differentials in Lithuania indicate that ethnicity does matter for fertility even in such ethnically homogenous country as Lithuania. Fertility among Lithuanians is higher than in the other ethnic groups, especially among Russians. Lower fertility in the Russian ethnic group is mainly explained by differences in the risk of having the second child. Importantly, this disadvantage remains significant even after controlling for selected compositional characteristics including urban-rural place of residence and education. The approach used in this study may be applied for Latvia and Estonia, where national minorities constitute substantial shares of the entire populations and significantly contribute to overall fertility levels.

AbstractLithuania represents one of the rare cases in which a state with relatively high standards for maintaining population statistics is experiencing mass emigration. In light of the policy initiatives undertaken by the Lithuanian government to address the issue of emigration, this study aims to improve our understanding of how, in this mass emigration context, emigration events are connected to specific socio‐economic characteristics of individuals and variation in local socio‐economic conditions. We analyse census and vital registration data covering the whole working‐age population of Lithuania during the period 2011‐2012. Our findings indicate that when assessing the likelihood of emigration events, individual‐level characteristics such as employment status, educational attainment, and prior migration experience are highly relevant. However, the importance of these characteristics differs by gender. We also detect considerable spatial variation in emigration rates across Lithuanian municipalities. Our outcomes provide new insights for the development of cohesive migration policies in Lithuania.

The structural changes over several generations in the formation of fami-lies with one or two children are studied in France, Lithuania and Russia. Data from the Generations and Gender Surveys about birth intentions of women and men with no children or one child at the time of the survey are analyzed, as well as factors affecting the desire to have a flrst or second child. As the findings show, the French more often express their fertili-ty intentions than Lithuanian or Russians, but differently depending on whether it is the flrst or second child. In all three countries however, most of the factors determining fertility intentions are similar.

This article analyses the transformation in the mode of partnership formation in seven countries of Eastern Europe. The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date account of the switch from direct marriage to non-marital cohabitation as it has progressed from the 1960s to the mid-2000s, using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys. Unlike previous analyses of partnership formation, we examined the extent to which crossnational variations, in the onset and scale of transformation characteristic of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT), could be linked to nuptiality regimes that existed in the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries. With few exceptions, the results support the notion of correspondence between historical and contemporary patterns. Forerunners in the transition to partnership formation outside marriage tend to come from areas which exhibited a late/low prevalence of marriage; the latecomers are typically situated east of the Hajnal line. Thus our study corroborates earlier findings pertaining to the legacy the historical marriage patterns, extending them further, from the onset of the first to the second demographic transition. Our results are also in line with idea of the spatial continuity across successive waves of demographic innovation demonstrated in several studies for Western Europe. The findings reported in the article make a similar argument for Eastern Europe. In a broader framework, the results point to diversity of pathways along which family and fertility characteristic of the SDT have evolved. In view of the evidence presented in the article, Eastern Europe seems to embody two variants with regard to synchronism between a shift from direct marriage to non-marital cohabitation and postponement of childbearing.

On s'intéresse dans cet article à la transition vers de nouvelles formes d'union et aux déterminants culturels et structurels ayant conduit à ce processus dans trois pays : la France, la Lituanie et la Russie. Chacun a connu des évolutions très différentes au cours du XXe siècle : la transition a été régulière en France, retardée en Lituanie et distordue en Russie. Aujourd'hui, un seul facteur explicatif de l'union libre subsiste en France, la religion. En Lituanie et en Russie, où les nouvelles formes d'union se sont répandues plus tardivement, la transition est encore à l'oeuvre, et les « précurseurs » de ces nouveaux comportements maritaux se caractérisent par des spécificités à la fois culturelles et structurelles.

Cette étude comparative de la France, la Géorgie, la Lituanie et la Russie explore un des champs des enquêtes GGS ayant trait aux valeurs. Elle s'applique à identifier les opinions au sujet de la solidarité intergénérationnnelle et leurs différences dans ces quatre pays. Deux dimensions sont plus particulièrement analysées. La première porte sur la conception qu'ont les répondants de l'implication relative de la famille et de la société dans l'aide aux plus jeunes et aux générations âgées. La seconde renvoie à la nature et aux modalités que peut prendre la solidarité familiale. Doit-il s'agir d'aides en nature ou en espèces ? Comment l'aide familiale intergénérationnelle est-elle perçue et quelle place occupe-t-elle dans les histoires de vie individuelles ? Est-il légitime que de telles aides modifient les parcours résidentiels et professionnels des hommes et des femmes ? Le présent article offre une réflexion méthodologique sur l'appréhension des opinions à partir d'enquêtes quantitatives et sur la pertinence en sciences sociales d'études comparatives entre pays. Il propose également d'étudier la solidarité entre générations en tant que révélateur des structures familiales et des contextes économiques et culturels des quatre pays.

En Russie et en Lituanie comme en France, les trajectoires conjugales se sont complexifiées ces dernières décennies, entraînant de profondes modifications dans les situations et histoires familiales des enfants. En particulier, les ruptures d'union sont de plus en plus fréquentes et, en cas de séparation, l'enfant est le plus souvent confié à la mère. On s'attachera ici à décrire les relations (fréquence des rencontres et degré de satisfaction de la relation) qu'entretiennent les enfants non cohabitants avec chacun de leurs parents en tentant d'en dégager certains déterminants : sexe des enfants, âge à la séparation, parent en ayant la garde, temps écoulé depuis la rupture, parent à l'initiative du divorce, remise en couple d'un parent. L'analyse comparée fait ressortir un certain nombre de similitudes (par exemple la moindre fréquence des relations père-enfants) mais aussi de divergences (le sexe de l'enfant influe sur les relations en Russie et en France mais non en Lituanie).

Traduction de l'article paru en français dans la Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest. ; This is the introduction to a special issue of RECEO devoted to recent changes in families in France, Georgia, Lithuania and Russia. The changes involve three major sets of factors: the anthropological dimension shown by patterns of intra-family relationships in the four countries; the political dimension, since each of the four has its own special history (three of them sharing a history over various periods); and an economic and social dimension, which constrains or frees demographic trajectories and is itself a combination of long-term transnational and national trends. The value of this arrangement is more heuristic than demonstrative. It is intended to place the various papers within the general framework of demographic change and provides a view of the main trends revealed by the composite indicators and measurements recorded by the GGS (Generations and Gender Surveys)1 carried out from 2004 to 2006 using a common questionnaire in the four countries selected. This is the English version of the original text published in Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest, 40(3-4), 2009.

Traduction de l'article paru en français dans la Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest. ; This is the introduction to a special issue of RECEO devoted to recent changes in families in France, Georgia, Lithuania and Russia. The changes involve three major sets of factors: the anthropological dimension shown by patterns of intra-family relationships in the four countries; the political dimension, since each of the four has its own special history (three of them sharing a history over various periods); and an economic and social dimension, which constrains or frees demographic trajectories and is itself a combination of long-term transnational and national trends. The value of this arrangement is more heuristic than demonstrative. It is intended to place the various papers within the general framework of demographic change and provides a view of the main trends revealed by the composite indicators and measurements recorded by the GGS (Generations and Gender Surveys)1 carried out from 2004 to 2006 using a common questionnaire in the four countries selected. This is the English version of the original text published in Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest, 40(3-4), 2009.

Traduction de l'article paru en français dans la Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest. ; This is the introduction to a special issue of RECEO devoted to recent changes in families in France, Georgia, Lithuania and Russia. The changes involve three major sets of factors: the anthropological dimension shown by patterns of intra-family relationships in the four countries; the political dimension, since each of the four has its own special history (three of them sharing a history over various periods); and an economic and social dimension, which constrains or frees demographic trajectories and is itself a combination of long-term transnational and national trends. The value of this arrangement is more heuristic than demonstrative. It is intended to place the various papers within the general framework of demographic change and provides a view of the main trends revealed by the composite indicators and measurements recorded by the GGS (Generations and Gender Surveys)1 carried out from 2004 to 2006 using a common questionnaire in the four countries selected. This is the English version of the original text published in Revue d'études comparatives Est/Ouest, 40(3-4), 2009.