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"There has been much academic debate over recent years on Europe defining its self over against the 'Other.' This volume asks from the opposite perspective: What views did non-Europeans hold of 'European Christianity'? In this way, the volume turns the agency of definition over to non-Europeans. Over the last centuries, the contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans have been diverse and complex. Non-Europeans encountered Europeans as colonialists, traders, missionaries and travellers. Most of those Europeans were Christians or were perceived as Christians. Therefore, in terms of religion Europe was often identified with Christianity. Europeans thus also conveyed a certain image of Christianity to non-European countries. At the same time, non-Europeans increasingly travelled to Europe and experienced a kind of Christianity that often did not conform to the picture they had formed earlier. Their descriptions of European Christianity ranged from sympathetic acceptance to harsh criticism. The contributions in this volume reveal the breadth of these opinions. They also show that there is no clear line of division between 'insiders' and 'outsiders', but that Europeans could sometimes perceive themselves as being 'outsiders' in their own culture while non-Europeans could adopt 'insider' perspectives. Furthermore, from these encounters new religious and cultural expressions could emerge"--Publisher's description

There has been much academic debate over recent years on Europe defining itself over against the "Other." This volume asks from the opposite perspective: What views did non-Europeans hold of "European Christianity"? In this way, the volume turns the agency of definition over to non-Europeans. Over the last centuries, the contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans have been diverse and complex. Non-Europeans encountered Europeans as colonialists, traders, missionaries and travellers. Most of those Europeans were Christians or were perceived as Christians. Therefore, in terms of religion Europe was often identified with Christianity. Europeans thus also conveyed a certain image of Christianity to non-European countries. At the same time, non-Europeans increasingly travelled to Europe and experienced a kind of Christianity that often did not conform to the picture they had formed earlier. Their descriptions of European Christianity ranged from sympathetic acceptance to harsh criticism. The contributions in this volume reveal the breadth of these opinions. They also show that there is no clear line of division between "insiders" and "outsiders", but that Europeans could sometimes perceive themselves as being »outsiders« in their own culture while non-Europeans could adopt "insider" perspectives. Furthermore, from these encounters new religious and cultural expressions could emerge.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes an attempt to evaluate quality of life using standards set by the local community. Several parameters derived from community psychology, such as actual levels of functioning and degree of satisfaction within several life domains, are used to develop a social validation approach. This avoids certain methodological pitfalls common to this type of evaluation.

Visions of the kingdom : Edinburgh 1910 and thehistory of Christianity -- Expectations of a new age -- An evangelical crusade founded on 'the science of missions' -- Edinburgh 1910 in retrospect -- Edinburgh 1910 and the history of ecumenism -- A representative conference -- Christianity on the cusp of transfiguration -- Origins and preparations -- The 'third Ecumenical Missionary Conference' -- J.H. Oldham and George Robson make their presence felt -- Deciding on the model for Edinburgh 1910 -- Broadening the base of planning -- Shaping the eight commissions -- The central advisory committee and its secretary -- Changing the title of the conference -- The inclusion of national christians and the exclusion of faith and order -- Oldham gets to work -- The financing of the conference -- Carrying the Gospel to all the world : defining the limits of christendom -- A mission to all humanity -- Commission I and the problem of statistics -- The conference hangs in the balance -- Oldham in New York -- Resolving the hard cases -- The anglican position clarified -- Evangelical reactions -- Negotiations with the Archbishop of Canterbury -- The unity of christendom preserved but at what price? -- The conference in session -- Conference logistics -- The opening of the conference -- The assembly hall of the United Free Church of Scotland -- The conference programme -- The conduct of debate -- The spirituality of the conference -- Give us friends! : the voice of the younger churches -- The non-western presence at Edinburgh -- The virtual absence of Africa -- The missionary societies and indigenous representation at Edinburgh -- Cheng Jingyi and the call for a united church in China -- Christianity and the national spirit : four voices from Japan, Harada Tasuku, Honda Yoitsu, Ibuka Kajinosuke and Chiba Yugoro -- Yun ch'iho and Christian nationalism in Korea -- S. Azariah and the challenge of inter-cultural friendship -- Pleas for an Asian theology -- The church of the three selves -- A church-centric conference -- The three-self principle : rhetoric and reality -- Church organization and the native mind -- The remuneration of national workers -- Failures in self-support -- Issues of Christian nurture and discipleship -- Theology and spiritual life -- The aims of mission education : cultural accommodation and the Catholicity of Christianity -- The brief composition and mode of operation of Commission III -- The American reception of the British drafts of the Commission III Report -- An anglophone perspective -- Defining the purposes of mission education -- Education as a form of evangelism -- Education as a strategy for a three-self church -- Education as the diffusion of Christian influence -- Education as the key to Catholicity -- The legacy of the Commission III Report -- Fulfilment and challenge : Christianity and the world faiths -- Previous scholarship on Commission IV -- The membership of Commission IV -- The theology and religious perspective of Commission IV -- The relation of Hinduism to Christianity -- T.E. Slater and the case for concentration on higher Hinduism -- The influence of Alfred George Hogg -- The relation of Isam to Christianity -- The religions of Japan and China -- Animistic religions and the neglect of Africa -- Assessing Edinburgh's theology of fulfilment -- Missions, empire and the hierarchy of civilization -- Missions and governments : the membership of Commission VII -- A hierarchy of civilization -- Missionaries and politics -- The colonial view of missions -- The impact of the Commission VII Report -- Missionary co-operation : its limits and implications -- The dilemma of Edinburgh : missionary co-operation or the promotion of Christian unity -- Existing instruments of missionary co-operation -- The German proposal for an International Missionary Commission -- The Commission Viii meeting of 21-23 December 1909 -- The American circular letter -- British hesitations overcome : Walter H. Frere, John H Ritson, and the birth of the idea of the continuation committee -- The Commission VIII debate and the creation of the continuation committee -- The legacy of Edinburgh 1910 -- Missionary perceptions of east, west, and south -- Race and culture -- The pursuit of church union in Asia -- The role of women in mission -- New patterns of missionary study and training -- Co-operation in mission : new initiatives in Britain -- Western ecclesiastical divisions and the changing contours of world Christianity