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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Biographies of Authors -- SECTION ONE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INTO MOOD, PERSONALITY AND TRAINING -- 1: An Introduction to Trust in Military Teams -- 2: The Impact of Mood on Interpersonal Trust: Implications for Multicultural Teams -- 3: Predictors and Outcomes of Trust in Teams -- 4: Exploring the Impact of Cross-Training on Team Process -- SECTION TWO: MULTINATIONAL CHALLENGES FOR TRUST -- 5: Trust in Swift Starting Action Teams: Critical Considerations -- 6: Trust in Distributed Operations -- 7: Trust in International Military Missions: Violations of Trust and Strategies for Repair -- 8: Cultural Influences on Trust -- SECTION THREE: TRUST IN TECHNOLOGY -- 9: A Reliance Model for Automated Combat Identification Systems: Implications for Trust in Automation -- 10: User Trust in New Battle Management Technology: The Effect of Mistrust on Situation Awareness -- 11: Active Trust Management -- 12: Teamwork and Trust: A Socio-Technical Perspective -- Author Index -- Subject Index

The objective of this book is to report on contemporary trends in the defence research community on trust in teams, including inter- and intra-team trust, multi-agency trust and coalition trust. The book also considers trust in information and automation, taking a systems view of humans as agents in a multi-agent, socio-technical, community. The different types of trust are usually found to share many of the same emotive, behavioural, cognitive and social constructs, but differ in the degree of importance associated with each of them. Trust in Military Teams is written by defence scientists from the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK, under the auspices of The Transfer Cooperation Programme. It is representative of the latest thinking on trust in teams, and is written for defence researchers, postgraduate students, academics and practitioners in the human factors community.

Laser attacks in commercial aviation have become headline news worldwide and the frequency of incidents has increased. A review of the research regarding lasers in commercial aviation shows the need for a systematic analysis. By applying a hazard analysis of system theory (both STAMP and STPA) to a practical example it is possible to identify countermeasures and their current state of elaboration. Furthermore, this research considered the concept of reduced-crew operations, and the possible effects of laser strikes. Whereas the pilot operational procedures are established, the legislation lags behind for some nation states. Detection and prevention of lasers operating in the same area as aircraft is critical reduction of attacks.

Objective: The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios. Background: Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems. Method: Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems. Results: Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion: We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload. Application: Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.

Drivers of contemporary vehicles are now able to relinquish control of the driving task to the vehicle, essentially allowing the driver to be completely hands and feet free. However, changes to legislation taking effect in 2016 will require the driver to be able to override the automated driving systems or switch them off completely. Initially this functionality is likely to be limited to certain areas, such as motorways. This creates a situation where the driver is expected to take control of the vehicle after being removed from the driving control-loop for extended periods of time, which places high demand on coordination between driver and automation. Resuming control after being removed from the control-loop have proven difficult in domains where automation is prevalent, such as aviation. Therefore the authors propose the Gricean Maxims of Successful Conversation as a means to identify, and mitigate flaws in Human-Automation-Interaction. As automated driving systems have yet to penetrate the market to a sufficient level to apply the Maxims, the authors applied the Maxims to two accidents in aviation. By applying the Maxims to the case studies from a Human-Automation-Interaction perspective, the authors were able to identify lacking feedback in different components of the pilot interface. By applying this knowledge to the driving domain, the authors argue that the Maxims could be used as a means to bridge the gulf of evaluation, by allowing the automation to act like a chatty co-driver, thereby increasing system transparency and reducing the effects of being out-of-the-loop.

This paper proposes a new theory to account for the effects of underload on performance. Malleable attentional resources theory posits that attentional capacity can change size in response to changes in task demands. As such, the performance decrements associated with mental underload can be explained by a lack of appropriate attentional resources. These proposals were explored in a driving simulator experiment. Vehicle automation was manipulated at 4 levels, and mental workload was assessed with a secondary task. Eye movements were also recorded to determine whether attentional capacity varied with mental workload. The results showed a clear decrease in mental workload associated with some levels of automation. Most striking, though, were the results derived from the eye movement recordings, which demonstrated that attentional capacity varies directly with level of mental workload. These data fully supported the predictions of the new theory. Malleable attentional resources theory suggests that future vehicle designers should employ their technology in driver support systems rather than in automation to replace the driver. The implications of this theory are discussed with regard to capacity models of attention as well as to the design of future vehicle systems.

Since its inception, just after the Second World War, Human Factors research has paid special attention to the issues surrounding human control of systems. Command and control environments continue to represent a challenging domain for human factors research. Modelling Command and Control takes a broad view of command and control research, to include C2 (command and control), C3 (command, control and communication), and C4 (command, control, communication and computers) as well as human supervisory control paradigms. The book presents case studies in diverse military applications (for example, land, sea and air) of command and control. The book explores the differences and similarities in the land, sea and air domains; the theoretical and methodological developments, approaches to system and interface design, and the workload and situation awareness issues involved. It places the role of humans as central and distinct from other aspects of the system. Using extensive case study material, Modelling Command and Control demonstrates how the social and technical domains interact, and why each require equal treatment and importance in the future.

"Fratricide has been defined as firing on your own forces, when mistaking them for enemy forces, which results in injury or death. Rates of fratricide incidence have been steadily increasing and the complexity of the contemporary operating environment may lead to a continuation of this trend. Although the majority of research into fratricide has focused on the development of technological decision aids, recent explorations highlight the need to emphasise the social aspects within a socio-technical framework. This book presents and validates, via the use of case studies, a model of teamwork and decision-making factors that are associated with incidents of fratricide. In summary, it offers a review and evaluation of contemporary theoretical perspectives on teamwork and fratricide, as well as a range of accident analysis approaches. A novel theory of fratricide is then presented followed by a new methodology for assessing fratricide. Naturalistic case studies of teams are undertaken in the military domain. These studies illustrate the approach and offer early validation evidence. In closing, the book presents a series of principles designed to reduce the likelihood of fratricide in the future."--Provided by publisher.

Legislation in the road transport domain aims to control safety on the roads. Despite this, a critical issue affecting road safety is that of driver distraction. Although poorly defined, distraction is a significant road safety issue which, in part, is caused by the prevalence of technology within vehicles. Legislation surrounding the use of in-vehicle technologies are explored in this paper from a socio-technical system perspective. This reveals the wider context of the road transport system operating under the current laws using an Accimap analysis. A distinction in the law between the use of hand-held mobile phones, a device that is typically banned for use by drivers worldwide, and the use of other technological devices that are covered by more general laws against 'careless' and/or 'dangerous' driving was found. Historically, individual drivers' have been blamed for distraction, whereas the systems approach shows how current legislation may have created the conditions necessary for driver distraction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editors -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Modelling -- Chapter 1 UCEID - The Best of Both Worlds: Combining Ecological Interface Design with User-Centred Design in a Novel Human Factors Method Applied to Automated Driving -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Why Use UCEID? -- 1.2 The UCEID Method -- 1.2.1 Literature Review -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.2.3 Thematic Analysis -- 1.2.4 Cognitive Work Analysis -- 1.2.5 Consolidation and Ideas Generation -- 1.2.6 Filtering and Checking -- 1.3 Methodological Considerations -- 1.3.1 Advantages -- 1.3.2 Disadvantages -- 1.3.3 Training and Application Time -- 1.3.4 Tools -- 1.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Using UCEID to Include the Excluded: An Autonomous Vehicle HMI Inclusive Design Case Study -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 This Case Study: Designing an HMI for Level 3/ 4 Autonomous Car Takeover -- 2.1.1.1 Ageing Population -- 2.1.1.2 Ageing and Capability Impairment -- 2.1.1.3 Ageing and Digital Technological Interface Capability -- 2.1.1.4 Inclusive Design -- 2.2 Approach and Activities -- 2.2.1 Overview of Explore and Evaluate Stage -- 2.2.2 Evaluate Activity: Generation and Processing of Requirements - Method -- 2.2.3 Evaluate Activity: Generation and Processing of Needs Lists - Results -- 2.2.4 Create Activity: Design Workshop 1 -- 2.2.4.1 Input -- 2.2.4.2 Activity -- 2.2.4.3 Results -- 2.2.5 Create Activity: Iterative Design Development -- 2.2.6 Evaluate Activity: Testing with Experts and Users - Overview -- 2.2.7 Create Activity: Design Workshop 2 -- 2.2.7.1 Input -- 2.2.7.2 Outputs -- 2.2.8 Create Activity: Final Concepts and Refinement -- 2.3 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.