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Southeast Asia's earliest states emerged during the first millennium A.D. from the Irawaddy River of Myanmar to the Red River delta of northern Vietnam. Developments during this time laid the groundwork for the florescence of the region's later and better-known civilizations such as Angkor and Pagan. Yet disciplinary and language barriers have thus far precluded an anthropological synthesis of cultural developments during this time. This review uses a landscape focus to synthesize current knowledge of mainland Southeast Asia's earliest states, which emerged in the first millennium A.D. Research from archaeology and history illuminates articulations between physical and social factors in several kinds of Early Southeast Asian landscapes: economic, urban, and political. Social and ideological forces that shaped these first-millennium-A.D. landscapes are discussed as integral aspects of early state formation.

Studies of early Southeast Asia focus largely on its 'classical states', when rulers and their entourages from Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), Bagan (Myanmar), Champa and Dai Viet (Vietnam) clashed, conquered, and intermarried one another over an approximately six-century-long quest for legitimacy and political control. Scholarship on Southeast Asia has long held that such transformations were largely a response to outside intervention and external events, or at least that these occurred in interaction with a broader world system in which Southeast Asians played key roles. As research gathered pace on the prehistory of the region over the past five decades or so, it has become increasingly clear that indigenous Southeast Asian cultures grew in sophistication and complexity over the Iron Age in particular. This has led archaeologists to propose much greater agency in regard to the selective adaptation of incoming Indic beliefs and practices than was previously assumed under early scholarship of the nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth century.

Studies of early Southeast Asia focus largely on its 'classical states', when rulers and their entourages from Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), Bagan (Myanmar), Champa and Dai Viet (Vietnam) clashed, conquered, and intermarried one another over an approximately six-century-long quest for legitimacy and political control. Scholarship on Southeast Asia has long held that such transformations were largely a response to outside intervention and external events, or at least that these occurred in interaction with a broader world system in which Southeast Asians played key roles. As research gathered pace on the prehistory of the region over the past five decades or so, it has become increasingly clear that indigenous Southeast Asian cultures grew in sophistication and complexity over the Iron Age in particular. This has led archaeologists to propose much greater agency in regard to the selective adaptation of incoming Indic beliefs and practices than was previously assumed under early scholarship of the nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth century.

Why breaking down boundaries matters for archaeological research on learning and cultural transmission : an introduction / Miriam T. Stark, Brenda J. Bowser, and Lee Horne -- Patterns, processes, and parsimony : studying cultural evolution with analytical techniques from evolutionary biology / Mark Collard and Stephen J. Shennan -- Gendered technology, kinship, and cultural transmission among Salish-speaking communities on the Pacific Northwest coast : a preliminary investigation / Peter Jordan and Thomas Mace -- Cultural transmission of copying errors and the evolution of variation in woodland pots / Jelmer W. Eerkens and Carl P. Lipo -- Evolutionary trajectories of technological traits and cultural transmission : a qualitative approach to the emergence and disappearance of the ceramic wheel-fashioning technique in the southern Levant / Valentine Roux -- Learning and transmission of pottery style : women's life histories and communities of practice in the Ecuadorian Amazon / Brenda J. Bowser and John Q. Patton -- Translating ideologies : tangible meaning and spatial politics in the northwest Amazon of Brazil / Janet Chernela -- Mother bella was not a bella : inherited and transformed traditions in southwestern Niger / Olivier P. Gosselain -- The way of the potter's mother : apprenticeship strategies among Dii potters from Cameroon, West Africa / Hélène Wallaert-Pêtre -- Technical traditions and cultural identity : an ethnoarchaeological study of Andhra Pradesh potters / Laure Degoy-Thotakura -- The long arm of the mother-in-law : learning, postmarital resocialization of women, and material culture style / Ingrid Herbich and Michael Dietler -- Colonialism and cuisine : cultural transmission, agency, and history at Zuni Pueblo / Barbara J. Mills

International audience ; The Khmer Empire (9th-15th centuries A.D.), centered on the Greater Angkor region, was the most extensive political entity in the history of mainland Southeast Asia. Stone temples constructed by Angkorian kings and elites were widely assumed to have been loci of ritual as well as habitation, though the latter has been poorly documented archaeologically. In this paper, we present the results of two field seasons of excavation at the temple site of Ta Prohm. Using LiDAR data to focus our excavations, we offer evidence for residential occupation within the temple enclosure from before the 11th century A.D. until the 14th century. A comparison with previous work exploring habitation areas within the Angkor Wat temple enclosure highlights similarities and differences between the two temples. We argue that temple habitation was a key component of the Angkorian urban system and that investigating this unique form of urbanism expands current comparative research on the diversity of ancient cities.

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router ; History: received 2020-07-27, registration 2020-08-27, accepted 2020-08-27, pub-print 2020-09, pub-electronic 2020-09-11, online 2020-09-11 ; Publication status: Published ; Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic is affecting everyone, but in many different ways, stimulating contrasting reactions and responses: opportunities for some, difficulties for many. A simple survey of how individual workers in urban ecology have been coping with COVID-19 constraints found divergent responses to COVID-19 on people's activities, both within countries and between continents. Many academics felt frustrated at being unable to do fieldwork, but several saw opportunities to change ways of working and review their engagement with the natural world. Some engaging with social groups found new ways of sharing ideas and developing aspirations without face-to-face contact. Practitioners creating and managing urban greenspaces had to devise ways to work and travel while maintaining social distancing. Many feared severe funding impacts from changed local government priorities. Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified issues, such as environmental injustice, disaster preparation and food security, that have been endemic in most countries across the global south in modern times. However, developing and sustaining the strong community spirit shown in many places will speed economic recovery and make cities more resilient against future geophysical and people-made disasters. Significantly, top-down responses and one-size-fits-all solutions, however good the modelling on which they are based, are unlikely to succeed without the insights that local knowledge and community understanding can bring. We all will have to look at disaster preparation in a more comprehensive, caring and consistent way in future.