Suchergebnisse

The criteria for political discourses differentiation in the states of transitional (Ukraine) and authoritative (Russia) regimes are proposed in the paper. Material for the research is Telegram-channels of the states' leading mass media (posts for Autumn 2021). In the political discourses different activity of political actors and different approach for the actors selection is defined. Formal analysis of political content has shown that political actors in Ukraine are much more active, they are constantly present in the news, generate content for new media etc. Instead, in Russia such a situation is not observed. Analysis of the list of the most popular political actors also showed that there is a significant difference in the presence of the presidents: Zelenskyy appeared in Ukrainian channels in 8.9–38.8 % of posts, Putin in Russian in 2.3–5.5 % of posts. The affiliation of political actors also dif- fered. In Ukraine domestic politicians dominated, while pro-Kremlin channels gave pref- erence to foreign ones, which may indicate constant attempts to divert subscribers' atten- tion to external threats. There is also a difference in the frames of "scandals" and "activities".

Problem setting. In Ukrainian media sphere, the attention towards a political actor may be constructed specially, with the help of the so called «jeansa» (covered political advertisement) dissemination. To understand processes within a political discourse of the country, the mechanism of the texts identification should be designed. Recent research and publications analysis. Several professional NGOs has been monitoring Ukrainian mass media to detect «jeansa» (IDPO (2019), IMI (2019). However, in the times of journalism crisis the problem of media independence and transparency remains a crucial one. Thus, commercial model of journalism should be changed and the reality of «hybrid media system» (Chadwick) should be taken into account. Paper objective is to test a formal method of the «jeansa» materials detection and to define the ways of political actors representing. Period of research is January-February 2019 (the beginning og the presidential pre-election campaign). Materials of the popular newspaper Segodnya and independent media «Ukrajins'ka Pravda» were compared. For the defining of the non-transparence placement materials a computer program (Python language) was designed. Paper main body. According to the data received, the two ways of political actors representing in Ukrainian digital discourse are defined: with specially created, made attention towards an actor («jeansa») and with an ordinary one. Cases of Ukrainian politicians (presidential candidates, officials) are taken into account. Conclusions of the research. For the first way constant, regular mentions of a political actor (one-two per day) are typical. In that case the existence of non-transparence placement materials of a news site may be stated. However, for the complete picture it is recommended to consider other data: number of mentions and polls results comparison, coverage of a political actor activity in different mass media analysis. For the second way several options were found. The first one – without breaking news occasions (court ...

The criteria for political discourses differentiation in the states of transitional (Ukraine) and authoritative (Russia) regimes are proposed in the paper. Material for the research is telegram-channels of the states' leading mass media (posts for Autumn 2021). In the political discourses different activity of political actors and different approach for the actors selection is defined. Formal analysis of political content has shown that political actors in Ukraine are much more active, they are constantly present in the news, generate content for new media etc. Instead, in Russia such a situation is not observed. Analysis of the list of the most popular political actors also showed that there is a significant difference in the presence of the presidents: Zelensky appeared in Ukrainian channels in 8.9-38.8% of posts, Putin in Russian - in 2.3 -5.5% of posts. The affiliation of political actors also differed. In Ukraine domestic politicians dominated, while pro-Kremlin channels gave preference to foreign ones, which may indicate constant attempts to divert subscribers' attention to external threats. There is also a difference in the frames of "scandals" and "activities".

In modern political discourse, the topics of foreign aggression and insecurity are strongly influencing voter perceptions. In the unpredictable and polarizing environment of Twitter, references to crisis events may be used without justification. The character of tweeting during the peak phase of a crisis may differ, and it is possible to identify such differences analyzingthe tweets.
To compare the pre-election period with the period of foreign aggression, and to study the manner of tweeting of a political leader, the Twitter account of the fifth Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko was observed between November 2018 (Azov crisis) and July 2019 (early presidential election). A total of 2,519 tweets were content-analyzed (the character of references to Russian aggression, newsbreaks, intensity, language justification were studied).
Tweeting during the Azov crisis was an everyday activity with a large number of tweets over a long period. Pre-election tweeting included commenting on specially created events (commemorations, celebrations) with a large number of mentions for short periods of time and constant online presence with a small number of tweets posted even without a special occasion.
Approximately one out of three tweets was written without reference to any newsbreak. Among the most popular newsbreaks, traditional subjects dominated (meetings, signings of laws etc.). Thus, the term "aggression" was mainly exploited during specially created events after the crisis.
Additionally, the stylistic features (authentic language, amateurism, unpredictability, breaking rules, incivility and impoliteness) that are widespread across social networks arenot typical of Poroshenko. A "polarization" of the political discourse, however, emerges. It is possible to observe it especially before the second round of elections, when the polls were predicting victory to Poroshenko's opponent.

In modern political discourse, the topics of foreign aggression and insecurity are strongly influencing voter perceptions. In the unpredictable and polarizing environment of Twitter, references to crisis events may be used without justification. The character of tweeting during the peak phase of a crisis may differ, and it is possible to identify such differences analyzingthe tweets. To compare the pre-election period with the period of foreign aggression, and to study the manner of tweeting of a political leader, the Twitter account of the fifth Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko was observed between November 2018 (Azov crisis) and July 2019 (early presidential election). A total of 2,519 tweets were content-analyzed (the character of references to Russian aggression, newsbreaks, intensity, language justification were studied). Tweeting during the Azov crisis was an everyday activity with a large number of tweets over a long period. Pre-election tweeting included commenting on specially created events (commemorations, celebrations) with a large number of mentions for short periods of time and constant online presence with a small number of tweets posted even without a special occasion. Approximately one out of three tweets was written without reference to any newsbreak. Among the most popular newsbreaks, traditional subjects dominated (meetings, signings of laws etc.). Thus, the term "aggression" was mainly exploited during specially created events after the crisis. Additionally, the stylistic features (authentic language, amateurism, unpredictability, breaking rules, incivility and impoliteness) that are widespread across social networks arenot typical of Poroshenko. A "polarization" of the political discourse, however, emerges. It is possible to observe it especially before the second round of elections, when the polls were predicting victory to Poroshenko's opponent. ; We współczesnym dyskursie politycznym tematyka agresji zagranicznej i braku bezpieczeństwa silnie wpływa na percepcję wyborców. W nieprzewidywalnym i polaryzującym środowisku Twittera bez uzasadnienia można się odnosić do wydarzeń kryzysowych. Rodzaj tweetów zamieszczanych w szczytowej fazie kryzysu może być różny, co można stwierdzić drogą analizy. Porównując okres poprzedzający wybory z okresem zagranicznej agresji i badając sposób w jaki tweetował przywódca polityczny, od listopada 2018 r. (kryzys azowski) do lipca 2019 r. (przedterminowe wybory prezydenckie) obserwowano konto piątego prezydenta Ukrainy Petra Poroszenki na Twitterze. Przeanalizowano pod względem treści w sumie 2519 tweetów (zbadano charakter odniesień do rosyjskiej agresji, doniesień prasowych, intensywność i język). Podczas kryzysu azowskiego tweetowanie odbywało się codziennie przyjmując formę dużej liczby tweetów zamieszczanych przez długi czas. Tweetowanie przedwyborcze obejmowało komentowanie specjalnie stworzonych wydarzeń (rocznice, uroczystości) poprzez dużą liczbę wzmianek przez krótkie okresy i stałą obecność w Internecie, kiedy zamieszczano niewielką liczbę tweetów nawet bez specjalnej okazji. Około jedną trzecią tweetów zamieszczono bez odniesienia do jakichkolwiek wydarzeń. Wśród najpopularniejszych wydarzeń dominowały tematy tradycyjne (spotkania, podpisywanie ustaw itp.). Dlatego też termin "agresja" był używany głównie podczas specjalnie stworzonych wydarzeń po kryzysie. Ponadto stwierdzono, że języka Poroszenki nie charakteryzują typowe dla sieci społecznościowych cechy stylistyczne (autentyczny język, amatorstwo, nieprzewidywalność, łamanie zasad, nieuprzejmość i brak manier). Pojawia się jednak "polaryzacja" dyskursu politycznego. Można to zaobserwować zwłaszcza przed drugą turą wyborów, kiedy sondaże zapowiadały zwycięstwo przeciwnika Poroszenki.

In modern political discourse, the topics of foreign aggression and insecurity are strongly influencing voter perceptions. In the unpredictable and polarizing environment of Twitter, references to crisis events may be used without justification. The character of tweeting during the peak phase of a crisis may differ, and it is possible to identify such differences analyzingthe tweets. To compare the pre-election period with the period of foreign aggression, and to study the manner of tweeting of a political leader, the Twitter account of the fifth Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko was observed between November 2018 (Azov crisis) and July 2019 (early presidential election). A total of 2,519 tweets were content-analyzed (the character of references to Russian aggression, newsbreaks, intensity, language justification were studied). Tweeting during the Azov crisis was an everyday activity with a large number of tweets over a long period. Pre-election tweeting included commenting on specially created events (commemorations, celebrations) with a large number of mentions for short periods of time and constant online presence with a small number of tweets posted even without a special occasion. Approximately one out of three tweets was written without reference to any newsbreak. Among the most popular newsbreaks, traditional subjects dominated (meetings, signings of laws etc.). Thus, the term "aggression" was mainly exploited during specially created events after the crisis. Additionally, the stylistic features (authentic language, amateurism, unpredictability, breaking rules, incivility and impoliteness) that are widespread across social networks arenot typical of Poroshenko. A "polarization" of the political discourse, however, emerges. It is possible to observe it especially before the second round of elections, when the polls were predicting victory to Poroshenko's opponent. ; We współczesnym dyskursie politycznym tematyka agresji zagranicznej i braku bezpieczeństwa silnie wpływa na percepcję wyborców. W nieprzewidywalnym i polaryzującym środowisku Twittera bez uzasadnienia można się odnosić do wydarzeń kryzysowych. Rodzaj tweetów zamieszczanych w szczytowej fazie kryzysu może być różny, co można stwierdzić drogą analizy. Porównując okres poprzedzający wybory z okresem zagranicznej agresji i badając sposób w jaki tweetował przywódca polityczny, od listopada 2018 r. (kryzys azowski) do lipca 2019 r. (przedterminowe wybory prezydenckie) obserwowano konto piątego prezydenta Ukrainy Petra Poroszenki na Twitterze. Przeanalizowano pod względem treści w sumie 2519 tweetów (zbadano charakter odniesień do rosyjskiej agresji, doniesień prasowych, intensywność i język). Podczas kryzysu azowskiego tweetowanie odbywało się codziennie przyjmując formę dużej liczby tweetów zamieszczanych przez długi czas. Tweetowanie przedwyborcze obejmowało komentowanie specjalnie stworzonych wydarzeń (rocznice, uroczystości) poprzez dużą liczbę wzmianek przez krótkie okresy i stałą obecność w Internecie, kiedy zamieszczano niewielką liczbę tweetów nawet bez specjalnej okazji. Około jedną trzecią tweetów zamieszczono bez odniesienia do jakichkolwiek wydarzeń. Wśród najpopularniejszych wydarzeń dominowały tematy tradycyjne (spotkania, podpisywanie ustaw itp.). Dlatego też termin "agresja" był używany głównie podczas specjalnie stworzonych wydarzeń po kryzysie. Ponadto stwierdzono, że języka Poroszenki nie charakteryzują typowe dla sieci społecznościowych cechy stylistyczne (autentyczny język, amatorstwo, nieprzewidywalność, łamanie zasad, nieuprzejmość i brak manier). Pojawia się jednak "polaryzacja" dyskursu politycznego. Można to zaobserwować zwłaszcza przed drugą turą wyborów, kiedy sondaże zapowiadały zwycięstwo przeciwnika Poroszenki.

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse political activity in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic and more authoritative regimes respectively, so as to show a clear difference in the context of a formal analysis of mass media content. The current study examines political news on qualitative online media portals in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Thirty years ago, these states began their independent transition from a closed system to openness/democracy. However, at today's transition point, only Lithuania is considered a democratic country. In different periods Ukraine has been considered an example of competitive authoritarianism, while Belarus deviated towards complete authoritarianism and dictatorship. All political news items between 2005–2020 (for delfi.lt – since 2007) were collected with the help of the Python program. To measure the indicators, several Python programs were designed. The results of the research confirmed that the intensity of political activity differs in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic (Lithuania, Ukraine) and more authoritative (Belarus) regimes. Furthermore, a clear difference was shown in terms of five indicators, average indicators and the dynamics thereof.

The aim of this paper is to analyse political activity in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic and more authoritative regimes respectively, so as to show a clear difference in the context of a formal analysis of mass media content. The current study examines political news on qualitative online media portals in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Thirty years ago, these states began their independent transition from a closed system to openness/democracy. However, at today's transition point, only Lithuania is considered a democratic country. In different periods Ukraine has been considered an example of competitive authoritarianism, while Belarus deviated towards complete authoritarianism and dictatorship. All political news items between 2005–2020 (for delfi.lt – since 2007) were collected with the help of the Python program. To measure the indicators, several Python programs were designed. The results of the research confirmed that the intensity of political activity differs in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic (Lithuania, Ukraine) and more authoritative (Belarus) regimes. Furthermore, a clear difference was shown in terms of five indicators, average indicators and the dynamics thereof.

The aim of this paper is to analyse political activity in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic and more authoritative regimes respectively, so as to show a clear difference in the context of a formal analysis of mass media content. The current study examines political news on qualitative online media portals in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Thirty years ago, these states began their independent transition from a closed system to openness/democracy. However, at today's transition point, only Lithuania is considered a democratic country. In different periods Ukraine has been considered an example of competitive authoritarianism, while Belarus deviated towards complete authoritarianism and dictatorship. All political news items between 2005–2020 (for delfi.lt – since 2007) were collected with the help of the Python program. To measure the indicators, several Python programs were designed. The results of the research confirmed that the intensity of political activity differs in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic (Lithuania, Ukraine) and more authoritative (Belarus) regimes. Furthermore, a clear difference was shown in terms of five indicators, average indicators and the dynamics thereof.

The aim of this paper is to analyse political activity in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic and more authoritative regimes respectively, so as to show a clear difference in the context of a formal analysis of mass media content. The current study examines political news on qualitative online media portals in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Thirty years ago, these states began their independent transition from a closed system to openness/democracy. However, at today's transition point, only Lithuania is considered a democratic country. In different periods Ukraine has been considered an example of competitive authoritarianism, while Belarus deviated towards complete authoritarianism and dictatorship. All political news items between 2005–2020 (for delfi.lt – since 2007) were collected with the help of the Python program. To measure the indicators, several Python programs were designed. The results of the research confirmed that the intensity of political activity differs in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic (Lithuania, Ukraine) and more authoritative (Belarus) regimes. Furthermore, a clear difference was shown in terms of five indicators, average indicators and the dynamics thereof.

The aim of this paper is to analyse political activity in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic and more authoritative regimes respectively, so as to show a clear difference in the context of a formal analysis of mass media content. The current study examines political news on qualitative online media portals in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Thirty years ago, these states began their independent transition from a closed system to openness/democracy. However, at today's transition point, only Lithuania is considered a democratic country. In different periods Ukraine has been considered an example of competitive authoritarianism, while Belarus deviated towards complete authoritarianism and dictatorship. All political news items between 2005–2020 (for delfi.lt – since 2007) were collected with the help of the Python program. To measure the indicators, several Python programs were designed. The results of the research confirmed that the intensity of political activity differs in the mass media discourses of states with more democratic (Lithuania, Ukraine) and more authoritative (Belarus) regimes. Furthermore, a clear difference was shown in terms of five indicators, average indicators and the dynamics thereof.

Official discourses of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia are discovered with formal analysis in the article. The official discourses were represented with presidents' web-sites. With the help of computer programs (Python language) the indicators of emotionality, direct and indirect intertextuality were calculated. The low emotionality and direct intertextuality are characteristic features of all three discourses. This underlines low intensity (or formality) of political interrelations. Average indicators of Kazakhstan and Russia discourses emotionality are (0,26; 0,24), for Belarus (0,39). These indicators are almost two times smaller, than in countries with more democratic regimes. Additionally, two types of authoritarian discourses are differentiated: more emotional and sporadic (Belarus) and less emotional stable (Kazakhstan, Russia). The positive correlation between the discourses of Kazakhstan and Russia (0,84) is discovered. Thus, similar periods of the discourses development are found: with more salient emotionality (before 2013) and unemotional period afterwards. For Belarus and Russia the periods with high indicators for indirect intertextuality (2012-2014, 2016-2017; and 2005-2010 – respectively) are discovered. The indicators' values are explained with political interrelations imitation. The big amount of political texts (more than a half, sometimes – 80-90%) are congratulations and commemorations of authoritative leaders towards political actors' form international community. The small period of such texts domination for Kazakhstan (2011-2012) is differentiated. Thus, the imitation of political interrelations with communication for Russia and Belarus is studied; however, this feature is not a characteristic one for Kazakhstan discourse. It's concluded that all three discourses have artificial character of political interrelations in official discourses, which can be discovered with clear templates usage for all the political texts.