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Background: Low back pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability in Brazil based upon Global Burden of Disease estimates. Since 1990, the number of years lived with disability has increased by 79.7%, and this number is expected to continue to rise due to population growth and ageing. Yet, similarly to other countries, little attention has been given to it in both the public and private health systems, arguably making it an overlooked epidemic in Brazil. There is evidence that Brazil has adopted unwarranted practices in the management of low back pain in a similar manner to what has been observed in high-income countries. To tackle the burden of low back pain in Brazil, we need highly coordinated efforts from government, the private sector, universities, health workers and civil society. Objective: This masterclass intends to provide an overview of the challenges faced by Brazil in relation to low back pain management and propose potential solutions that could potentially be implemented based on experiences reported in the literature.

Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y dentro de éstos las Metas del Milenio, constituyen un plan operativo para la consecución de logros básicos dirigidos al alcance de la salud, la erradicación de la pobreza y el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos fundamentales. Sus ámbitos de acción representan un punto de entrada histórico para una eventual política social a escala mundial, donde la intervención intersectorial es imprescindible para la eficacia de ésta. La salud pública, por su naturaleza multidisciplinar, junto a la epidemiología política, constituyen herramientas útiles para contribuir a incrementar el conocimiento científico en el ámbito de la salud con relación a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. A pesar de la oportunidad que constituye este acuerdo internacional, se ha profundizado poco acerca de las dificultades, fundamentalmente políticas para su consecución. Por lo tanto, es necesario un cambio conceptual y metodológico basado en pasar de preguntarnos acerca de los determinantes sociales de la salud a cuestionarnos acerca de los determinantes políticos de los propios determinantes sociales. Esto supondría no sólo elaborar una taxonomía de las injusticias, sino encontrar puntos de entrada efectivos en las instituciones derivadas del poder político para aminorarlas. ; The Millennium Development Goals, and within these the Millennium Targets, constitute a working plan that strives to achieve basic goals within the field of health, eradicate poverty, and ensure compliance with basic human rights. Its scope of action represents a historic breakthrough as a step toward a possible global social policy, in which cooperation between the different sectors is essential for its efficiency. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, public health, as well as political epidemiology, can be used to help increase scientific knowledge in the field of health with respect to the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the opportunity that this international agreement provides, insufficient in-depth study has been carried out on the potential –mainly political– difficulties that could arise during its implementation. Therefore, a conceptual and methodological change is required so that concern does not simply center on social determinants of health but instead takes into consideration the political reasons behind them. To reduce inequality, not only must injustice be classified but effective ways must also be found to encourage institutions with political power to take part in this initiative. ; Observatorio de Políticas Públicas y Salud; Generalitat Valenciana y Universidad de Alicante.

Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) se encuentran actualmente a mitad de su periodo de ejecución, siendo el año 2015 la fecha prevista por la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) para su alcance. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la situación actual en la que se encuentran los ODM a nivel mundial y analizar las barreras que estarían impidiendo su consecución para cada uno de los ámbitos de los ODM, así como valorar algunos de los indicadores evaluados. Para ello, se ha revisado la literatura científica publicada sobre los ODM en las principales bases de datos de ciencias de la salud y ciencias sociales, así como los principales informes elaborados sobre el tema por Naciones Unidas. Los estudios científicos en torno a los 8 ODM y sus 18 Metas permiten realizar un análisis crítico sobre la situación en la que se encuentra en la actualidad cada uno de ellos, identificando los determinantes que están impidiendo su consecución y las acciones que se consideran necesarias para impulsar el avance. Aunque a nivel global ha habido mejoras en algunas de las metas, la investigación realizada hasta la fecha muestra barreras a la consecución de los ODM, como el insuficiente peso de los estados de los países en desarrollo sobre las decisiones económicas y políticas, así como la incoherencia entre las políticas económicas y las políticas sociales y de salud. Por otra parte, África Subsahariana constituye la región con mayor desventaja, lo que supone que no alcanzará la mayoría de los ODM. España y los países desarrollados, además de aportar recursos, pueden contribuir a los ODM mediante la identificación y erradicación de las barreras que impiden su alcance. Esto significa promover unas relaciones económicas internacionales en condiciones de justicia social, apoyando un mayor poder de decisión para los países en desarrollo, y denunciando las actuaciones que incrementan las desigualdades sociales y el empobrecimiento de la población. ; The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are now at the midterm of their target period, as 2015 is the date scheduled by the United Nations Organisation (UN) for their attainment. The purpose of this article is to review the current situation of the MDGs worldwide and to analyse the barriers which are preventing them from being attained in each of the MDG areas, as well as to assess a number of the indicators evaluated. In order to do so, a review has been made of the scientific literature published on the MDGs in the principal health sciences and social sciences databases, as well as the most significant reports on the issue drawn up by the United Nations. The scientific studies on the 8 MDGs and their 18 Targets make it possible to undertake a critical analysis of the situation in which each of these Goals are found at the present time, identifying the determinants that are preventing the attainment of the Goals and the actions considered necessary in order to achieve progress. Although there have been improvements in some of the goals on a world level, the research carried out to date reveals barriers to the attainment of the MDGs, as well as the insufficient weight of the developing countries in the economic and political decision-making processes, together with the incoherence between the economic policies and the social and health policies. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes the most disadvantaged region, which means that it will not attain the majority of the MDGs. Spain and the developed countries, in addition to contributing resources, can also contribute to the MDGs by means of the identification and eradication of the barriers preventing attainment. This involves promoting international economic relations under conditions of social justice, by supporting a greater decision-making power for developing countries and denouncing actions that increase social inequalities and the impoverishment of the population.

In Brazil, governmental and non-governmental organisations develop practice guidelines (PGs) in order to optimise patient care. Although important improvements have been made over the past years, many of these documents still lack transparency and methodological rigour. In order to conduct a critical analysis and define future steps in PG development in Brazil, we carried out a structured assessment of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis) for the development of a national guideline programme. Participants consisted of academia, methodologists, medical societies and healthcare system representatives. In summary, the PG development process has improved in Brazil and current investments in methodological research and capacity-building are ongoing. Despite the centralised processes for public PGs, standardised procedures for their development are not well established and human resources are insufficient in number and capacity to develop the amount of trustworthy documents needed. Brazil's capacity could be strengthened and initial efforts have been made such as the adoption of standards proposed by world-renowned institutions in PG development and enhancement of the involvement of key stakeholders. Further steps involve the alignment between health technology assessment and PG processes for synergy and the development of a national network to promote the interaction between groups involved in the development of PGs. The lessons learned from this paper could be used to foster debate on guideline development, especially for countries facing similar threats on this topic.