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This article discusses various attempts by economists to model the behavior and performance of nonprofit organizations, and it provides four desiderata of a model suitable for policy analysis: the legal definitions of nonprofit status must be incorporated into the model; the objective function must emerge from the regulatory and competitive environment; the emergence of competitors (for-profit, nonprofit, and governmental) must be endogenous; and the information structure must be fully specified and self-consistent. The article discusses how to incorporate each of these desiderata into a model.

AbstractIncentive contracts based on profit sharing, cost reduction, or other measures of performance no longer need to endanger a nonprofit firm's tax exemption; such measures have been urged for adoption in the nonprofit sector. However, the nonprofit differs from the for‐profit sector in that contracts have side effects on the solicitation and offering of donations and on the character of those who choose to work in the nonprofit sector. In addition, it is more difficult in the nonprofit sector to obtain an appropriate output measure for use in calculating bonuses.

The economics literature on nonprofit utilization of employees and volunteers is reviewed and synthesized. Economic motivations for volunteering and accepting volunteers are explored along with inter actions between gifts of time and of money and the economic value of volunteer labor. Also examined are factors explaining wage differ ences between the nonprofit and for-profit sectors and the differential employment of women and minorities.

One might expect that increased governmental social-service expenditures would reduce charitable donations, but the direction and magnitude of this effect is theoretically indeterminate. Empirical estimates of this "crowdout" phenomenon are produced from British time-series data. Results suggest that a dollar of gov ernmental social-service expenditures "crowds out" only about one-half cent of charitable donations. This implies that governmental cutbacks will not be largely replaced by charitable donations, a result consistent with most previously pub lished studies.

"Companies successful over the long term create and nurture an environment for success. They foster a culture, leadership process and infrastructure that enable and support effective strategy implementation driving toward achieving business objectives and related growth, profit and return goals. Underlying success is a culture founded in integrity and ethical values that influences and pervades the entirety of the organization. Leadership emanates from a well-comprised board of directors effectively carrying out its oversight responsibilities with a great working relationship with the CEO and senior management. And management has embedded within the organization highly effective risk management, control, compliance and communication processes critical to providing information where needed and making quality business judgments and decisions driving towards success. This book shows corporate leadership (including board members) how to ensure that their strategic plans incorporate the necessary processes, organization, and technology to get to the companies goals.This book examines areas such as compliance, risk management, executive compensation, succession planning, crisis planning, board composition, and shareholder communications"--

The Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing a crisis. Appointment of AB members requires a consensus of the Dispute Settlement Body (comprised of all WTO members), and the United States has been blocking a consensus on further appointments since Donald J. Trump became the president. Without new appointments, the ranks of the AB have been diminishing as AB members' terms have been expiring. If this continues (and many expect the United States to continue blocking a consensus on appointments), then in December 2019, through attrition, the number of AB members will fall below the threshold necessary to render decisions, at which point the AB will cease to function.