Suchergebnisse

Annotation, This study untangles the complex interplay of individual and contextual factors shaping cross-national differences in horizontal and vertical occupational sex segregation. It relates the individual factors affecting occupational decisions to the broader social and economic context within a given society. Following this approach, Stephanie Steinmetz provides a comprehensive overview of the development and causes of cross-national differences in occupational sex segregation. She offers insights into the positioning of 21 EU Members States, particularly of former CCE countries. Based on advanced multi-level models, the study shows that institutional factors, such as the organization of educational systems, post-industrial developments, social policies, and the national gender culture, play a crucial role in shaping sex segregation processes apart from individual factors. The author clarifies that a distinct set of institutional factors is relevant to each of the two dimensions of occupational sex segregation and that these factors operate in different directions: some reduce horizontal segregation while at the same time aggravating the vertical aspect. Finally, the study assesses the empirical findings from a political perspective by addressing the future contextual challenges of EU Member States seeking to attain higher gender equality on the labour market

Annotation

AbstractThis study is related to a growing literature on the impact of a receiving context on immigrant labour market outcomes. Unlike previous comparative research, which has been primarily concerned with immigrant men, our focus is on immigrant women and the role of institutions particularly relevant to them. Using the European Union Labour Force Surveys (2011–5) augmented with country-level data, we estimate country fixed-effects models to study gender and ethnic inequalities in labour force participation across European countries. Our results underline the complexity of how family policies and gender-egalitarian contexts are related to gender and ethnic inequalities in the labour market. On the one hand, we find gender inequalities to be less pronounced in countries with more generous family policies and a higher gender-egalitarian climate. On the other hand, our results indicate that at the same time, the selected institutional characteristics are related to increased ethnic inequalities in the labour market.

This case is a detailed account of the planning and execution of the data collection for the Unions in Context study, which is a probability-based survey among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples and families in the Netherlands. On one hand, we situate the Unions in Context study in the context of the status quo of the field. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of the different types of pre-existing data sources that allow for the study of same-sex couples and families, such as convenience sample surveys, register and census data, and large-scale social surveys. In this discussion, we highlight the contribution of the Unions in Context data to the field. On the other hand, we outline the practical considerations made during the planning phase; the most commonly faced challenges when studying lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals quantitatively; and the solutions we thought of to address them. Specifically, we explain the steps of how we have succeeded in designing a sampling frame based on population registers to draw a random sample of same-sex and mixed-sex couples. This step-by-step account should enable other researchers interested in studying this difficult-to-reach population to replicate our approach.

Although scholars are increasingly able to explain why states (do not) comply with human rights treaties, the role of social norms in compliance has been neglected. This is remarkable because human rights often directly address social norms. Our study aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing quantitative and qualitative evidence on the relationship between citizens' social norms and compliance with human rights treaties. The quantitative results provide strong support for such a relationship. The findings from the additional qualitative analysis suggest that bargaining over (and thus changing) social norms is an important process through which compliance with human rights can be influenced.

The aim of this paper is twofold: first it shows how the identification of seven vulnerable labour market groups in the 2018 European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) is possible. These groups include age, gender identity, sexual orientation, single parenthood, migration (ethnicity, nationality, and migration status), religion, and disability. Second, it presents a study on how statistically reliable indicators can be obtained for a selection of those identified vulnerable groups. For the first identification part, the exercise showed that the sample size of the vulnerable group is largely dependent on the operationalisation utilised. Several of the vulnerable groups included straightforward definitions that are widely agreed on and correspond well with items in the EU-LFS. For other groups, such as disability and migrant status, the sample size varied widely based on operationalisation used to identify respondents. Age and gender identity all provide for straightforward identification with sizeable sample sizes. Sexual orientation was limited to same-sex couples living in the same household, which faced additional restrictions like anonymisation and limited detailed household data. Identification of single parenthood depended on the age cut off for children in the household, as the EU-LFS defines a dependent child in a way that deviates from research norms. Identifying disability and migrant status also provided difficult as there is not a single operationalisation for either and identification has to be done indirectly. There was no measurement for religion. Additionally, we find issues with removing duplicate responses from the EU-LFS as repeat sampling varies at the country level and there are no consistent identifiers for both household and individuals in all countries In the second part, the use of Small Area Estimation methods was proved to be useful for obtaining reliable estimates of some selected vulnerable groups indicators based on the EU-LFS 2018 data.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between gender differentiation in tertiary education and labour market hazards. We analyze how differences between male and female tertiary graduates in the chosen degree level and field of study affect the likelihood to be unemployed or obtain a low status job. In order to learn about the role of institutional context, we compare Germany and Spain, two countries that differ with respect to horizontal (field of study) and vertical (degree level) segregation by gender as well as to the linkage between the education and labour market system. Using Labour Force Survey data from the year 2000, our results of logistic regression models as well as a non-linear decomposition technique generally confirm our expectation that the field of study explains a sizable portion of the gender gap in unemployment and low status jobs in both countries. Whereas the level of tertiary degree does not matter with respect to unemployment in either country, it explains part of the female disadvantage in holding a low status job in Spain. Moreover, our analyses show that women with a degree in a predominantly male field of study are not systematically disadvantaged compared to men. Finally, even though the role of the institutional context is hard to evaluate, it seems that, for the two selected countries, the horizontal and vertical gender segregation is more relevant in Spain than in Germany.' [author's abstract]

Utilizando los datos obtenidos mediante una encuestacontinua en Internet (CVWS), tusalario.es (WI),que tiene como población objetivo la población activaespañola, el trabajo analiza, en primer lugar, el sesgoque dicho método de encuesta produce. En segundolugar, aplica dos metodologías de ponderación con laintención de corregir los errores de representatividad.En tercer lugar, para saber si la ponderación de losdatos corrige el sesgo y hace posible la obtención de resultados y conclusiones aplicables al conjunto de lapoblación activa, la eficiencia de ambas metodologíasde ponderación es evaluada. La estrategia de evaluaciónconsiste en comparar salarios medios, índicesde desigualdad y regresiones salariales obtenidosantes y después de ponderar los datos del WI conaquellos que pueden obtenerse utilizando los datosde la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (SES), que llevaa cabo el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Los estadísticosy parámetros estimados se mueven en la direccióncorrecta después de ponderar.

Das Projekt "Kinder und Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund im deutschen und israelischen Bildungssystem" untersucht Kinder und Jugendliche mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in den Bildungssystemen Deutschlands und Israels. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Untersuchung von "neueren" Zuwanderergruppen aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion - jüdische und ethnisch deutsche Zuwanderer - im Vergleich zu "älteren" Zuwanderergruppen - Personen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland und Mizrahi in Israel - und der jeweiligen Referenzbevölkerung (Deutsche ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland und Aschkenasim in Israel). In der vorliegenden Längsschnittuntersuchung werden die Entscheidungsmuster von Zuwanderern an mehreren Bildungsübergängen in ihrer Bildungslaufbahn untersucht und mit denen der einheimischen Bevölkerung verglichen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf verschiedenen Ressourcen (wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen), die für eine erfolgreiche Bildungslaufbahn erforderlich sind, sowie auf der intergenerationellen Übertragung von Ressourcen von den Eltern auf die Kinder.