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Denne rapporten bruker EU-kommisjonens Digital Competence Framework for Consumers for å undersøke hvordan digital forbrukerkompetanse ved netthandel fordeler seg i befolkningen. Rapporten presenterer funn fra en landsdekkende spørreundersøkelse (N=1101) gjennomført i 2020. Utvalget er nasjonalt representativt for befolkingen mellom 16 og 89 år. Funnene viser at forbrukere vurderer seg som mest kompetente før kjøp, og opplever mest utfordringer etter kjøp. Videre tyder funnene på at de mest sårbare gruppene på enkelte kompetanseområder er eldre og yngre, kvinner, de med kort utdanning og de med lav inntekt. Dette samsvarer med tidligere studier på digital forbrukerkompetanse i Norge og Europa. Det er likevel viktig å bemerke seg at alle disse gruppene også utviser styrker på enkelte kompetanseområder. Vi anbefaler at EU-kommisjonens rammeverk brukes til å identifisere problematiske områder ved den digitale markedsplassen og hvor tiltak bør rettes for å styrke forbrukernes rolle. Studien identifiserer at størst sårbarhet er knyttet til å kjenne til og bruke egne rettigheter på nett, verne om sin egen sikkerhet og personvern, samt å kjenne til lover og regler som gjelder ved en global netthandel. ; This report employs the European Commission's Digital Competence Framework for Consumers to investigate digital consumer competence within the Norwegian population. The report presents findings from a nation-wide survey (N=1101) conducted in 2020 among consumers aged 16-89 years. Findings show that consumers report to be most competent before purchase, and meet most challenges after purchase. Findings suggest that the most vulnerable groups in certain competence areas are older, and younger consumers, women, consumers with low levels of education and consumers with low income – in line with previous studies of digital consumer competence in Norway and Europe. However, it is important to note that all these groups also demonstrate strengths in several competence areas. We suggest that the EU-commission's framework is used to identify problematic areas of the digital marketplace and where policies and measures ought to be directed in order to strengthen consumers in an increasingly overwhelming marketplace. According to our results, most vulnerability is found in competence relating to knowing and exercising consumer rights online, guarding safety and personal data, and knowing laws and regulations that applies to global online shopping. ; Oppdragsgiver: Barne- og Familiedepartementet ; publishedVersion

This cross-country study investigates the relative role of organic labelling in consumers' purchase decisions for apples and the extent to which behavioral constructs, derived from an extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior, influence consumers' choices. We apply an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Model, combining a discrete choice experiment with structural equation modelling. Empirical validation draws on data from an online survey conducted in three European countries (NGermany = 404; NNorway = 407; NUK = 401). In all countries, price is by far the most important attribute in consumers' purchase decision of apples, followed by country-of-origin and production method. The results show considerable consistency across the investigated countries regarding the importance of behavioral constructs - attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, trust, and personal moral norms - in explaining consumers' intentions to buy, and purchase choices for, organic apples, confirming the derived theoretical framework. ; This study received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of the STRENGTH2FOOD project under grant agreement No 678024. ; publishedVersion

In this paper, we test to what extent Food Quality Schemes (FQS, including Geographical Indications and organic products) contribute to the social and economic sustainability of farmers and regions through employment and education. Through employment, FQS may counter the urban migration trend affecting rural regions, and help retain economic and social capital in the local region. Indeed, as FQS are often small and specialised sectors, the economic inefficiency of such businesses may translated into greater employment and social sustainability. Separately, by requiring a higher-level of quality and hence skills, FQS may encourage greater local educational attainment or skilled immigration. To test these propositions, we analyse the employment and educational outcomes of 25 FQS. Our results show that the FQS products examined have a 13% higher labour usage (labour-to-production ratio) compared to reference products, indicating that they provide greater employment. Additionally, wage levels are 32% higher in FQS compared to references. Despite providing greater employment and higher wages, profitability of FQS (i.e. how much turnover/profit is generated per employee) is nevertheless 32% higher for FQS compared to reference products, due to the ability to attract higher product prices. Finally, there is no clear link between FQS and greater (or lower) education attainment in the supply chain. Overall, our results suggest that FQS can provide a strong contribution to local employment, employee income and business profits, strengthening the social and economic sustainability of producers and regions. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 678024. ; publishedVersion

Abstract
The dataset Sustainability performance of certified and non-certified food (https://www.doi.org/10.15454/OP51SJ) contains 25 indicators of economic, environmental, and social performance, estimated for 27 certified food value chains and their 27 conventional reference products. The indicators are estimated at different levels of the value chain: farm level, processing level, and retail level. It also contains the raw data based on which the indicators are estimated, its source, and the completed spreadsheet calculators for the following indicators: carbon footprint and food miles. This article describes the common method and indicators used to collect data for the twenty-seven certified products and their conventional counterparts. It presents the assumptions and choices, the process of data collection, and the indicator estimation methods designed to assess the three sustainability dimensions within a reasonable time constraint. That is: three person-months for each food quality scheme and its non-certified reference product. Several prioritisations were set regarding data collection (indicator, variable, value chain level) together with a level of representativeness specific to each variable and product type (country and sector). Technical details on how relatively common variables (e.g., number of animals per hectare) are combined into indicators (e.g., carbon footprint) are provided in the full documentation of the dataset.