Suchergebnisse

The aim of the article is to analyze the conditions and various dimensions of military cooperation between China and Latin American countries in the twenty-first century. The article consists of three parts. First of all, the author outlines Sino-Latin American relations in a broader perspective, presenting the conditions and goals of the Chinese presence in Latin America and the Caribbean and synthetically discussing the most important areas of political and economic cooperation. In the second part, he analyses the conditions and significance of military cooperation, pointing to the factors conducive to the development of cooperation, what is more, he motives and role of China's military diplomacy in the Latin American region. In the third part, there are presented the most important forms of cooperation. The author focused on defense ministers' and military commanders meetings, training, joint exercises and arms trade. The author's priority goal is to show the evolution of military cooperation between the Middle Kingdom and Latin America and its importance for the balance of power in the region.

BUKELISMO: THE REGRESSION OF DEMOCRACY IN EL SALVADOR DURING THE TERM OF NAYIB BUKELE
The aim of the article is to analyze the process of autocratization of the El Salvador's political system after 2019, as well as to show the specifics of the government of Nayib Bukele. The author, based on the systemic and institutional‑legal methods, and to a lesser extent empirical and comparative methods, verifies two research hypotheses, according to which (1) there was a violent and radical regression of the political system and a permanent transition from democracy to autocratic rule in El Salvador during the term of Nayib Bukele; (2) bukelismo is a classic combination of populism, militarism, and authoritarian behavior of the leader. The Salvadoran case of democratic regression has been presented in the broader context of anti‑democratic changes in the Latin American region. In the article, the author focuses on several key problems: systemic changes resulting in an imbalance and the separation of powers; mechanisms for controlling the executive power; populism and control of the information space by the president; and the militarization of politics.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the public security policy of President Nayib Bukele in the years 2019-2021.The main objective of the author is to present the guidelines of the President' s plan to fight crime as well as to analyze the measures taken and to assess their effectiveness in comparison with the public security strategies implemented by his predecessors in the period 2003-2019.The article consists of three parts. In the first, the author synthetically characterizes gangs as the major threat to public security in El Salvador. In the second, he outlines the public security policy in El Salvador from 2003 to 2019. He focuses on the changing perception of threats and changes in the law, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of the security militarization process. In the third part of the text, the author analyzes President Bukele's plan to fight the maras, both in terms of his declared statements and on a practical level. He focuses on identifying and exposing the changes and continuity in the public security policy implemented in El Salvador since 2003. ; El propósito de este artículo es analizar la política de seguridad pública del presidente Nayib Bukele en los años 2019–2021. El objetivo principal del autor es presentar los ejes del plan del presidente en materia de lucha contra la delincuencia, así como analizar las medidas adoptadas y evaluar su eficacia en comparación con las estrategias de seguridad pública implementadas por sus predecesores en el período 2003–2019. El artículo consta de tres partes. En la primera, el autor caracteriza sintéticamente a las pandillas como la principal amenaza a la seguridad pública en El Salvador. En la segunda, describe la política de seguridad pública en El Salvador desde 2003 hasta 2019. Se centra en la percepción cambiante de las amenazas y los cambios en la ley, así como en los mecanismos y consecuencias del proceso de militarización de la seguridad. En la tercera parte del texto, el autor analiza el plan de lucha contra las maras propuesto por ...

The aim of this article is to analyse the new forms of militarism as well as the position and the role of the armed forces in Latin American political systems in the twenty-first century. The first part analyses two selected forms of military participation in politics: the participation of former servicemembers in presidential elections and their performance as presidents, and the militarisation of political parties. The second part of the article focuses on the issue of contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America, discussing the problems associated with the establishment of democratic control over the armed forces, the reform of the Ministries of Defense and the redefinition of the functions of the army.

Celem artykułu jest analiza fenomenu prywatyzacji bezpieczeństwa publicznego w Ameryce Łacińskiej. W pierwszej części autor wskazuje uwarunkowania procesu i charakteryzuje prywatny sektor bezpieczeństwa w regionie. Następnie analizuje stan prawny, zwracając szczególną uwagę na status firm ochroniarskich, mechanizmy nadzoru oraz relacje prywatnych podmiotów z policją. W trzeciej części autor ukazuje problemy wynikające z braku nadzoru nad prywatnym sektorem bezpieczeństwa. Skupia się na problemie nadużyć i przemocy. Priorytetowe znaczenie ma odpowiedź na pytania o rolę i znaczenie prywatnego sektora w systemach bezpieczeństwa publicznego w państwach Ameryki Łacińskiej.

The aim of this article is to analyse the new forms of militarism as well as the position and the role of the armed forces in Latin American political systems in the twenty-first century. The first part analyses two selected forms of military participation in politics: the participation of former servicemembers in presidential elections and their performance as presidents, and the militarisation of political parties. The second part of the article focuses on the issue of contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America, discussing the problems associated with the establishment of democratic control over the armed forces, the reform of the Ministries of Defense and the redefinition of the functions of the army.

The aim of this article is to analyse the new forms of militarism as well as the position and the role of the armed forces in Latin American political systems in the twenty-first century. The first part analyses two selected forms of military participation in politics: the participation of former servicemembers in presidential elections and their performance as presidents, and the militarisation of political parties. The second part of the article focuses on the issue of contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America, discussing the problems associated with the establishment of democratic control over the armed forces, the reform of the Ministries of Defense and the redefinition of the functions of the army.

América Central enfrenta actualmente muchos desafíos, y uno de los mayores es la violencia criminal y los asesinatos llevados a cabo con armas de fuego, que representan hasta el 70% de todos los homicidios. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las condiciones y los mecanismos del comercio ilegal de armas y la correlación entre la disponibilidad de armas y el nivel de crimen y violencia en América Central en el siglo XXI.

El objetivo de este artículo es la presentación de un diagnóstico referente al fenómeno de la delincuencia, así como la indicación de los desafíos más importantes en el campo de la política de seguridad pública, frente a los que se hallan actualmente los gobiernos de los países de América Central. El artículo comienza con el análisis del estado actual de la seguridad en los Estados de la región. En su parte fundamental, el autor viene a identificar los fallos en los sistemas nacionales y las estrategias de la seguridad pública. Se concentra en algunos asuntos cruciales. En primer lugar, en el frágil funcionamiento de las principales instituciones del sistema de seguridad – policía y administración de justicia; en segundo lugar, en el populismo penal, en el cual se basan el endurecimiento del código penal y la militarización de la seguridad; y en tercer lugar, en el fenómeno de la privatización de la seguridad.AbstractThe aim of the article is to present a diagnosis of the phenomenon of crime and identify the most important challenges facing the current governments of Central America in the field of public security policy. The article commences with an analysis of the current state of the security in the countries within the region. The essential part identifies the shortcomings of national security systems and failures of the strategies of public safety. It focuses on several crucial problems. Firstly, the imperfect functioning of the main institutions of the security system – the police and the judiciary; secondly, on punitive populism, which consists of tightening of penal code and the militarization of security; and thirdly, on the phenomenon of the privatization of security.

El artículo fue publicado originalmente sin un resumen

El artículo fue publicado originalmente sin resumen.