Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- What are the incentives for environmental regulation? -- Objectives of incentives -- Incentives are not specific to environmental economics -- Environmental incentives -- Types of incentives -- Monetary and non-monetary incentives (nudges, education) -- Other types of incentives -- Motivations, incentives and institutions -- From motivations to incentives -- Incentives and institutions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 1. The History of Incentives in Environmental Economics -- 1.1. From Pigou to the origins of the concept of externality -- 1.2. Coase theorem -- 1.3. The emergence of environmental externalities in the 1960s -- 1.4. The rift between theory and practice: regulation versus incentive -- 1.5. In search of second-best solutions -- 1.5.1. The emergence of the idea -- 1.5.2. "Least-cost" theorems -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 1.7. References -- 2. Environmental Incentives Over Time: From the First Forms of Regulation to the Recognition of Cognitive Biases -- 2.1. The first forms of environmental regulation -- 2.1.1. Pigovian taxes -- 2.1.2. Externality market -- 2.1.3. Regulatory standards -- 2.2. Different incentives, varying effectiveness -- 2.3. The recent consideration of cognitive biases affecting environmental decisions -- 2.4. References -- 3. Environmental Regulation through Nudges -- 3.1. A look back at the concept of the nudge -- 3.1.1. Cognitive biases and environmental decisions -- 3.1.2. A more detailed exploration of the "nudge" concept -- 3.1.3. Some examples of nudges -- 3.2. Green nudges in the field, in the laboratory and in theory -- 3.2.1. Energy conservation and the conservation of natural resources -- 3.2.2. Green nudges in the laboratory -- 3.2.3. Only good results? -- 3.2.4. Premises of theoretical models.

Abstract Background Timber insurance is a form of risk management that can be used to protect forest owners from the effects of various types of disaster. Methods A recent court ruling on a legal case in the United States is used to illustrate reasons for the lack of uptake of timber insurance and its effects on those dependent on forestry for their livelihood. Operational aspects of the timber insurance market are described and compared with markets for insurance of real estate and agricultural crops. The scope and implementation of timber insurance in several countries are reviewed, and some practical guidance is offered to those intending to develop a timber insurance programme to encourage investment in the growth of planted forests. Results Salient features of the forest insurance market are described and the markets in a number of countries are reviewed. Conclusions The development of timber insurance market requires some form of intervention by government or landowner associations.

International audience ; Background: Timber insurance is a form of risk management that can be used to protect forest owners from the effects of various types of disaster. Methods: A recent court ruling on a legal case in the United States is used to illustrate reasons for the lack of uptake of timber insurance and its effects on those dependent on forestry for their livelihood. Operational aspects of the timber insurance market are described and compared with markets for insurance of real estate and agricultural crops. The scope and implementation of timber insurance in several countries are reviewed, and some practical guidance is offered to those intending to develop a timber insurance programme to encourage investment in the growth of planted forests. Results: Salient features of the forest insurance market are described and the markets in a number of countries are reviewed. Conclusions: The development of timber insurance market requires some form of intervention by government or landowner associations.

International audience ; Background: Timber insurance is a form of risk management that can be used to protect forest owners from the effects of various types of disaster. Methods: A recent court ruling on a legal case in the United States is used to illustrate reasons for the lack of uptake of timber insurance and its effects on those dependent on forestry for their livelihood. Operational aspects of the timber insurance market are described and compared with markets for insurance of real estate and agricultural crops. The scope and implementation of timber insurance in several countries are reviewed, and some practical guidance is offered to those intending to develop a timber insurance programme to encourage investment in the growth of planted forests. Results: Salient features of the forest insurance market are described and the markets in a number of countries are reviewed. Conclusions: The development of timber insurance market requires some form of intervention by government or landowner associations.

Background: Timber insurance is a form of risk management that can be used to protect forest owners from the effects of various types of disaster. Methods: A recent court ruling on a legal case in the United States is used to illustrate reasons for the lack of uptake of timber insurance and its effects on those dependent on forestry for their livelihood. Operational aspects of the timber insurance market are described and compared with markets for insurance of real estate and agricultural crops. The scope and implementation of timber insurance in several countries are reviewed, and some practical guidance is offered to those intending to develop a timber insurance programme to encourage investment in the growth of planted forests. Results: Salient features of the forest insurance market are described and the markets in a number of countries are reviewed. Conclusions: The development of timber insurance market requires some form of intervention by government or landowner associations.

Produce wood, preserve the environment, provide social services: all these goods and services are expected of the forests nowadays. Forests can sustainably produce them, but how much? These products are joined outputs in a production process composed of forest growth and management. Therefore, it is important to characterize how outputs are joined to set production goals. In this paper, we simulate alternative management scenarios for Quercus petraea even- aged high forest at the stand scale. Then we estimate for each scenario the production of three goods and services: 1) the production of wood in terms of the net present value of an infinite series of rotations (NPVIS); 2) the preservation of biodiversity, using an indicator of the number of bird species potentially present in the forest (Bio); 3) the production of a recreation service, in terms of attractiveness for recreational activities (A). Lastly, we determine production possibility frontiers for the three two-output combinations. We show that NPVIS and Bio or NPVIS and A are substitute products of forest management, but there are possibilities for producing both in the same forest. Bio and A are compatible to a certain extent. The methodology employed seems efficient to study multi-functionality at the stand level.

National audience ; In this paper, our objective is to assess the general French population's acceptability of application of wood ash in forests, a measure currently not allowed but under consideration by the government. The main originality of our approach is that we test how a nudge can be used as an instrument to increase social acceptability, conveying objective information regarding ash recycling. Furthermore, although we do not consider it as a welfare measure, we show how the estimation of the willingness-to-pay can be considered as a complement to the more traditional social acceptability measure. Three nudges were introduced as three treatments in a discrete choice experiment. In the first treatment, the options with wood ash application were highlighted to indicate to the respondents that they corresponded to pro-environmental measures (positive framing). In the second treatment, we changed the wording of the two non-status quo options to highlight the recycling aspect of wood ash application. In the last treatment, we adopted a productive wording to highlight the fact that wood ash application increases wood production. Treatments, in particular positive framing and productive wording, influence the willingness-to-pay but depend on the attitudes of the respondents.

National audience ; In this paper, our objective is to assess the general French population's acceptability of application of wood ash in forests, a measure currently not allowed but under consideration by the government. The main originality of our approach is that we test how a nudge can be used as an instrument to increase social acceptability, conveying objective information regarding ash recycling. Furthermore, although we do not consider it as a welfare measure, we show how the estimation of the willingness-to-pay can be considered as a complement to the more traditional social acceptability measure. Three nudges were introduced as three treatments in a discrete choice experiment. In the first treatment, the options with wood ash application were highlighted to indicate to the respondents that they corresponded to pro-environmental measures (positive framing). In the second treatment, we changed the wording of the two non-status quo options to highlight the recycling aspect of wood ash application. In the last treatment, we adopted a productive wording to highlight the fact that wood ash application increases wood production. Treatments, in particular positive framing and productive wording, influence the willingness-to-pay but depend on the attitudes of the respondents.

National audience ; In this paper, our objective is to assess the general French population's acceptability of application of wood ash in forests, a measure currently not allowed but under consideration by the government. The main originality of our approach is that we test how a nudge can be used as an instrument to increase social acceptability, conveying objective information regarding ash recycling. Furthermore, although we do not consider it as a welfare measure, we show how the estimation of the willingness-to-pay can be considered as a complement to the more traditional social acceptability measure. Three nudges were introduced as three treatments in a discrete choice experiment. In the first treatment, the options with wood ash application were highlighted to indicate to the respondents that they corresponded to pro-environmental measures (positive framing). In the second treatment, we changed the wording of the two non-status quo options to highlight the recycling aspect of wood ash application. In the last treatment, we adopted a productive wording to highlight the fact that wood ash application increases wood production. Treatments, in particular positive framing and productive wording, influence the willingness-to-pay but depend on the attitudes of the respondents.

Egalement disponible en anglais ; For society, the importance of the forest makes it necessary to assess the assets it represents, the goods and services it produces and the process and structuring of the sector. A regular integrated environmental and economic accounting system based on a specific methodology structures the information into a unique analysis tool to aid decision-making and assessment of public policies. The assessments made for France show that timber production is far from being the only source of profit linked to the forest. Carbon sequestration and recreational activities are some examples of the services that can be integrated into the accounts. Taking into account the non market functions of the French forest areas would, with the highest assumption, contribute to increasing five-fold the forest value limited to its function of wood supply. ; L'importance de la forêt pour la société rend nécessaire l'évaluation du patrimoine forestier qu'elle représente, des biens et services qu'elle produit et du fonctionnement de la filière. Une comptabilité économique et environnementale régulière reposant sur une méthodologie spécifique permet de structurer l'information en un outil d'analyse unique, facilitant l'aide à la décision et l'évaluation des politiques publiques. Les évaluations réalisées pour la France montrent que la production de bois est loin d'être la seule source de bénéfice liée à la forêt. La séquestration du carbone, les activités récréatives ou les fonctions écologiques sont des exemples de services que l'on parvient à intégrer aux comptes usuels. La prise en compte des fonctions non marchandes des espaces forestiers français contribuerait, dans l'hypothèse la plus haute, à quintupler la valeur de la forêt restreinte à sa fonction d'approvisionnement en bois.

Egalement disponible en anglais ; For society, the importance of the forest makes it necessary to assess the assets it represents, the goods and services it produces and the process and structuring of the sector. A regular integrated environmental and economic accounting system based on a specific methodology structures the information into a unique analysis tool to aid decision-making and assessment of public policies. The assessments made for France show that timber production is far from being the only source of profit linked to the forest. Carbon sequestration and recreational activities are some examples of the services that can be integrated into the accounts. Taking into account the non market functions of the French forest areas would, with the highest assumption, contribute to increasing five-fold the forest value limited to its function of wood supply. ; L'importance de la forêt pour la société rend nécessaire l'évaluation du patrimoine forestier qu'elle représente, des biens et services qu'elle produit et du fonctionnement de la filière. Une comptabilité économique et environnementale régulière reposant sur une méthodologie spécifique permet de structurer l'information en un outil d'analyse unique, facilitant l'aide à la décision et l'évaluation des politiques publiques. Les évaluations réalisées pour la France montrent que la production de bois est loin d'être la seule source de bénéfice liée à la forêt. La séquestration du carbone, les activités récréatives ou les fonctions écologiques sont des exemples de services que l'on parvient à intégrer aux comptes usuels. La prise en compte des fonctions non marchandes des espaces forestiers français contribuerait, dans l'hypothèse la plus haute, à quintupler la valeur de la forêt restreinte à sa fonction d'approvisionnement en bois.

L'importance de la forêt pour la société rend nécessaire l'évaluation du patrimoine forestier qu'elle représente, des biens et services qu'elle produit et du fonctionnement de la filière. Une comptabilité économique et environnementale régulière reposant sur une méthodologie spécifique permet de structurer l'information en un outil d'analyse unique, facilitant l'aide à la décision et l'évaluation des politiques publiques. Les évaluations réalisées pour la France montrent que la production de bois est loin d'être la seule source de bénéfice liée à la forêt. La séquestration du carbone, les activités récréatives ou les fonctions écologiques sont des exemples de services que l'on parvient à intégrer aux comptes usuels. La prise en compte des fonctions non marchandes des espaces forestiers français contribuerait, dans l'hypothèse la plus haute, à quintupler la valeur de la forêt restreinte à sa fonction d'approvisionnement en bois. ; For society, the importance of the forest makes it necessary to assess the assets it represents, the goods and services it produces and the process and structuring of the sector. A regular integrated environmental and economic accounting system based on a specific methodology structures the information into a unique analysis tool to aid decision-making and assessment of public policies. The assessments made for France show that timber production is far from being the only source of profit linked to the forest. Carbon sequestration and recreational activities are some examples of the services that can be integrated into the accounts. Taking into account the non market functions of the French forest areas would, with the highest assumption, contribute to increasing five-fold the forest value limited to its function of wood supply.