Suchergebnisse

U ovom radu, po prvi put, je iznesen status ulova u grčkom ribarstvu i to u razdoblju od 1928. do 1939. godine prema podacima iz Opće statističke službe u Grčkoj. Konkretno, izneseno je slijedeće: a) predstavljen je godišnji ulov ribarstva za sve vrste zajedno, ribolovni napor za sve vrste alata u kombinaciji i vrste specifičnih ulova tijekom razdoblja 1928.-1939., b) ponovno dodijeljive prostorne rezolucije ulova tijekom 1928.-1939., te tijekom 1964.-2007., i c) uspoređen je ulov za različita razdoblja tijekom 1928.-2007. Rezultati su pokazali da su se tijekom 1928.-1939., ulov i ribolovni napor općenito povećali. Vremenske serije svih vrsta ulova su bile izložene jakim međugodišnjim varijabilnostima, te od 40 vrsta njih 23 su pokazale značajan trend rasta. Analiza ukupnog ulova ribarstva tijekom vremena (1928.-2007.) prikazuje četiri različita uzoraka koji obilježavaju četiri faze razvoja grčkog ribarstva: 1. postupno povećavanje tijekom 1928.-1949. (pred-faza razvoja ribarstva), 2. strmo povećanje tijekom 1950.-1969. (faza rasta), 3. značajan linearni porast tijekom 1970.-1994. (faza potpunog dο prekomjernog ulova) i 4. opadajući trend tijekom 1995.-2007. (kolaps faza). Ove faze se kronološki poklapaju sa značajnim socio-ekonomskim i političkim događanjima koja su se zbivala u Grčkoj od 1928. godine. ; In the present study, Greek fisheries landings were extended back to 1928, for the first time, from data derived by the General Statistical Service of Greece during the 1928-1939 period. In particular, we: (a) present the annual fisheries landings for all species combined, fishing effort for all gear-types combined and species-specific landings during 1928-1939, (b) re-allocate the spatial resolution of landings during 1928-1939 to that during 1964-2007, and (c) compare the landings for different periods during 1928-2007. Results showed that during 1928-1939, landings and effort generally increased. The time series of all species landings exhibited a strong between-year variability, with 23 out of 40 species displaying a significant increasing trend. The analysis of fisheries landings over time (1928-2007) displayed four distinct patterns corresponding to four phases of Greek fisheries development: (1) a gradual increase during 1928-1949 (pre-development phase of fisheries), (2) a steeper increase during 1950-1969 (growth phase), (3) a much steeper linear increase during 1970-1994 (fully tο over-exploited phase) and (4) a declining trend during 1995-2007 (collapse phase). These phases coincided chronologically with significant socio-economic and political events that took place in Greece since 1928.

Discards are the portion of animal and plant material in the catch that is dumped back at sea. The Common Fisheries Policy plan proposed by the European Commission for 2014¿2020 presents a controversial goal: to enforce the landing of fishing discards as a measure to encourage their reduction. This historical and political decision will shape the future of the fishing exploitation in European Seas. Discards generated by European fleets are not negligible, and its reduction is an ecological, socioeconomical and moral imperative. However, it must be achieved through the reduction in discards at source and the promotion of selective and non-destructive gears. We argue it is doubtful that this discard ban will result in an effective reduction of discards. The proposed measure may, in fact, negatively affect ecosystems at all levels of biological hierarchy by disregarding the Ecosystem-Based Approach to Fisheries and the Precautionary Principle. It could negatively impact several species by increasing fishing mortality, also commercial species if discards are not accounted in the total allowable catch. Communities preying on discards will likely be affected. The role discards currently play in the energy turnover of current ecosystems will be modified and should be fully evaluated. The landing of discards will likely generate new markets of fishmeal due to the growing demands for marine living resources. The ban will require substantial public investment to deal with technical problems on board and to control and enforce. Therefore, this measure should be only implemented after rigorous scientific and technical studies have been developed.

Minimizing unwanted catches is a major milestone for achieving sustainable fisheries. In the framework of the Common Fisheries Policy, a landing obligation is being established progressively in European waters (Article 15, EU Regulation 1380/2013). Supplementary management measures have been proposed to support and enhance the effectiveness of this new regime. In this context, the effect of the landing obligation on a demersal mixed fishery (coastal and trawl fleet) in the Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean Sea) was assessed in terms of both biological and economic sustainability. Our results show that the landing obligation alone does not ensure sustainable fisheries. Management action should be directed to the introduction of additional measures. Evidence suggests that improving selectivity and protecting the nursery grounds are possible solutions to decrease discards and ensure sustainable fisheries in the long term. The landing obligation can have a role in incentivizing the adoption of these management measures that ensure lower fishing mortality on juvenile fish. ; Minimizar las capturas no deseadas es un hito importante para lograr pesquerías sostenibles. En el marco de la Política Pesquera Común se está estableciendo progresivamente una obligación de desembarque en aguas europeas (artículo 15, reglamento 1380/2013 de la UE). Se han propuesto medidas de gestión complementarias para apoyar y mejorar la eficacia de este nuevo régimen. En este contexto, se evalúa el efecto de la obligación de desembarque en una pesquería mixta demersal (flota costera y de arrastre) en el mar Egeo (NE mar Mediterráneo), tanto en términos de sostenibilidad biológica como económica. Nuestros resultados muestran que la obligación de desembarque por sí sola no garantiza una pesca sostenible, y que la gestión debería enfocarse hacia la introducción de medidas adicionales. Las evidencias obtenidas sugieren que mejorar la selectividad de las artes de pesca y proteger las áreas de alevinaje son dos soluciones posibles para disminuir los descartes y garantizar una pesca sostenible a largo plazo. La obligación de desembarque puede tener un papel en incentivar la adopción de estas medidas de gestión, que aseguran una menor mortalidad por pesca en peces juveniles.

Since the first introduction of the landing obligation (a.k.a. Discard ban) in 2015, the EU Mediterranean fisheries are facing some unforeseen challenges. The demersal bottom trawl fisheries, being the most significant contributors to the so-called 'discard problem', are confronted with the greatest challenges. Data from the Italian and the Greek fleet, spanning over two decades (1995–2015), were analysed with the intention of revealing the diversity and heterogeneity of the discard problem, especially for regulated species. Species composition of discards, as well as discarding rates, were shown to be irregular, fluctuating among areas, depth strata, seasons and years. Although fish dominated the discarded gross catch in weight, benthic invertebrates (other than commercial cephalopods and crustaceans) were the taxa discarded almost exclusively. The established minimum conservation reference size was largely ignored by fishers. From a management point of view, the present investigation suggests that the recently established Discard Management Plans lack scientific evidence (given the high intrinsic variability of the parameters and confusion regarding the rules) and provide exemptions from the landing obligation that will in practice allow the average Mediterranean bottom trawl vessel to continue business as usual. Moreover, detecting if these rules are actually respected is an almost impossible task for the Mediterranean control and enforcement authorities. Incentivizing the adoption of fishing technologies and practices that reduce pre-harvest mortality and post-harvest discards, while avoiding damage to sensitive marine species and habitats, seems the only way to move forward, rather than dealing with the problem after it has occurred.

In the European Union, discards represent a major source of undocumented mortality, contributing to the overfishing of European fish stocks. However, little attention has been given by the scientific community to discards in the European Union's small-scale fisheries (SSF). This is mainly due to the fact that discards are mostly generated by industrial fisheries, while SSFs were generally thought to have lower discard rates than industrial fisheries. A Landing Obligation (LO) is being introduced in European waters with the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) (Article 15, EU regulation 1380/2013) to limit/reduce discarding. However, management recommendations are required to support its implementation. The reality and challenges to enforce the LO in SSF are analyzed in this chapter, gathering information from different small-scale fisheries and fishers from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea who were asked about their perceptions toward the LO. The objectives of this chapter are to (a) identify the reasons for discarding and (b) investigate the multiple ecological, economic, social, and institutional drivers which act as a barrier toward the implementation of the LO in SSF. Given the high importance of SSF in the southern countries of Europe, different case studies of SSF from France, Greece, Portugal, and Spain coasts are used to illustrate the reasons for discarding, the impacts of the LO on SSF, and the barriers for its implementation ; The authors acknowledge the financial support from the European COST Action "Ocean Governance for Sustainability – challenges, options and the role of science" and by the ICES Science Fund Project "Social Transformations of Marine Social-Ecological Systems", and MINOUW (Grant Agreement 634495). C. Pita acknowledges FCT/MEC national funds and FEDER co-funding, within the PT2020 partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, for the financial support to CESAM (Grant no UID/AMB/50017/2013). C.M. Teixeira had the support of the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) ...