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AbstractAging is an integral part of human existence. The problem of aging addresses the most fundamental coordinates of our lives but also the ones of the phenomenological method: time, embodiment, subjectivity and intersubjectivity, and even the social norms that grow into the very notion of aging as such. In my article, I delineate a phenomenological analysis of aging and show how such an analysis connects with the debate concerning personal identity: I claim that aging is not merely a physical process, but is far more significantly also a spiritual one as the process of aging consists in our awareness of and conscious relation to our aging. This spiritual process takes place on an individual and on a social level, whereas the latter is the more primordial layer of this experience. This complicates the question of personal identity since it will raise the question in two ways, namely who I am for myself and who I am for the others, and in a further step how the latter experience shapes the former. However, we can state that aging is neither only physical nor only spiritual. It concerns my bodily processes as it concerns the complex reflexive structure that relates my former self with my present and even future self.

The First World War was both an historical and a philosophical event. Philosophers engaged in what Kurt Flasch aptly called "the spiritual mobilization" of philosophy. Max Scheler was particularly important among these "war philosophers", given that he was the one who penned some of the most influential philosophical writings of the First World War, among them Der Genius des Krieges und der Deutsche Krieg. As I aim to show, Max Scheler's war writings were crucial for Jan Patočka's interpretation of the First World War in the sixth of his Heretical Essays. However, the importance of Scheler's war writings goes far beyond the First World War for Patočka, since they offer Patočka a far-reaching interpretation of the 'excessive' character of the 20th century. As I will show through the example of Max Scheler, the German war philosophers succumbed to a dangerously romantic conception of "force" – and it is this ominous force, which Patočka takes to lie at the root of the increasingly excessive character of the 20th and 21st centuries.

The First World War was both an historical and a philosophical event. Philosophers engaged in what Kurt Flasch aptly called "the spiritual mobilization" of philosophy. Max Scheler was particularly important among these "war philosophers", given that he was the one who penned some of the most influential philosophical writings of the First World War, among them Der Genius des Krieges und der Deutsche Krieg. As I aim to show, Max Scheler's war writings were crucial for Jan Patočka's interpretation of the First World War in the sixth of his Heretical Essays. However, the importance of Scheler's war writings goes far beyond the First World War for Patočka, since they offer Patočka a far-reaching interpretation of the 'excessive' character of the 20th century. As I will show through the example of Max Scheler, the German war philosophers succumbed to a dangerously romantic conception of "force" – and it is this ominous force, which Patočka takes to lie at the root of the increasingly excessive character of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Introduction -- Part I: The Concept of Violence -- 1. Violence as Metaphor, Vasti Roodt -- 2. Violence and Essentialism, Lode Lauwaert -- Part II: Transcendental Violence -- 3. The Temporality of Violence: Destruction, Dissolution and the Construction of Sense, Felix Ó Murchadha -- 4. Reflections on the Meanings of Religious Violence: Phenomenological Exploration, Michael Staudigl -- 5. The Violence of the Singular, Arthur Cools -- 6. Is Violence Inescapable? Derrida, Religion, and the Irreducibly of Violence, Jason Alvis -- Part III: Immanent Violence -- 7. The Double Meaning of Violence: Catharsis and Mimesis, Nidesh Lawtoo -- 8. The Last Second, or Eternity: Ernst Jünger Looking at Photographs of the First World War, Stéphane Symons and Tammy Castelein -- Part IV: Individual Violence -- 9. Torturous Violence: A Phenomenological Approach to the Violence in the Acts of Torture, Jeremy Heuslein -- 10. Oppressed by Shame: From Auschwitz To A Politics of Revolt, Debra Bergoffen -- 11. Forming the Individual: Castoriadis and Lacan on the Socio-Symbolic Function of Violence, Gavin Rae