Suchergebnisse

Involuntary retirement transitions have a variety of negative consequences for individuals and society as they can lead to poorer health or lower wellbeing. Therefore, it is of high relevance to better understand the factors influencing the voluntariness of retirement transitions. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the known determinants of the voluntariness of retirement. Our final review includes 14 studies that empirically investigate this topic. Differentiated by micro-, meso- and macro-levels, we present the identified factors and discuss different ways of operationalizing voluntary or involuntary retirement. We found that most studies analyse individual factors. There is a gap in research on influencing factors at the company level as well as the welfare state level. In addition, it is of interest to examine whether and to what extent pension and labour market policy reforms have led to changes over time.

Die demografische Alterung stellt die (Alters-)Sicherungssysteme langfristig vor große finanzielle Herausforderungen. Daher wurden verschiedene Reformen implementiert, die auf eine Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens abzielen. So wurden unter anderem Frühverrentungsmöglichkeiten eingeschränkt, die Regelaltersgrenze erhöht und aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitiken eingeführt. Fraglich ist jedoch, ob alle älteren Arbeitnehmer*innen die nötigen Ressourcen besitzen, um ihre Erwerbstätigkeit bis zum regulären Renteneintrittsalter auszuüben und ob sie den Erwerbsaustritt als freiwillig empfinden. Der Beitrag untersucht, ob und inwieweit Bildung als sozioökonomische Determinante die Freiwilligkeit des Erwerbsaustritts beeinflusst. Basierend auf Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys wird für zwei Renteneintrittskohorten (1999–2006; 2007–2014) dieser Zusammenhang analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass bei Männern der jüngeren Renteneintrittskohorte ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Bildung und der Freiwilligkeit des Erwerbsaustritts besteht, nicht jedoch bei Frauen und Männern der älteren Renteneintrittskohorte. Dieser Befund kann darauf hinweisen, dass sozioökonomische Faktoren wie die Bildung künftig, also bei folgenden Kohorten, die Freiwilligkeit des Erwerbsaustritts zunehmend beeinflusst.

Objective: We explore gender differences in support of the norm that children must provide care for their parents. Background: Society's values and norms play a crucial role in deciding whether to provide family care. We investigate these values and norms on family care by analyzing which individual and country level factors affect them. Method: We use data from the European Values Study wave 5 and multilevel regression techniques. The question, "Adult children have the duty to provide long-term care for their parents", serves as our dependent variable. The explanatory variables at the individual level are gender and further socio-demographic variables. At the country level, we include expenditures on health care, and the female labor force participation rate. Results: The results show that women, as well as those living in countries with high expenditure on health care and high female labor force participation rates, are less supportive of the norm that children have an obligation to provide care for their parents. Furthermore, the gender effect is stronger in countries with a higher female labor force participation rate. Conclusion: Norms and values on family care are not fixed and can change, as suggested by the differences between countries. They are also not shared by all social groups equally, as the differences between women and men and along other socio-demographics show. Replication files: https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/854/704.

Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers' labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers' employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today's older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.