Suchergebnisse

Poor people, poor places -- Chicago : economic and social transformation of an urban metropolis -- The study of population -- Family matters : turning points from orientation to procreation -- Doles and safety nets : public assistance and income support -- Makin' a living : employment opportunity in the inner city -- The contours of opportunity

The impact of occupational characteristics on the employment decisions of young mothers following their first childbirth was examined through analysis of 1982 survey data collected from a national probability sample of 500 Jewish-Israeli women born in 1954. Analysis revealed that women in traditional female occupations were more likely than women in other occupations to maintain a strong commitment to the labor market & to their occupation; occupational prestige was a strong determinant factor. Women who changed their initial occupation tended to shift to traditional female occupations. The availability of part-time employment, even if resulting in monetary & nonmonetary losses, was also related to continued employment. 3 Tables, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

Data drawn from the 1980 US census are used to examine the labor supply of Asian women immigrants in the US (N = 786 Japanese, 1,223 Chinese, 850 Korean, 388 Vietnamese, 724 Indian, & 1,229 Filipino married women immigrants). Economic & family conditions, as well as individual characteristics, under which immigrant families of Asian origin are most likely to utilize the wives' economic potential are identified. Results underscore the need to include women in any analysis of immigrants' economic adjustment, as well as the structure of labor market & opportunities each ethnic group faces. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 21 References. Adapted from the source document.

SummaryThe study examines the early market experience of recent immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and their mobility patterns a few years after migration. The Labour Utilization Framework, proposed by Clogg and Sullivan (1983), was analysed to identify the employment difficulties immigrants experienced upon arrival, their short‐term mobility in the labour market, and the income consequences of their disadvantaged position in the market. Using a panel study of immigrants who arrived in Israel during 1990, we found that although most of them found employment, only a minority did not experience employment hardships. Four years after their arrival, most immigrants were still employed in occupations for which they were over‐qualified, and only a small portion of the group managed to find adequate employment. Women had more severe employment hardships and a lower rate of mobility into the better positions. For men and women alike, almost any deviation from a stable adequate employment entailed wage penalties.

This study focuses on the link between education and marriage timing among Israeli‐Palestinian women. Theoretical discussions on marriage timing center on the effect of the time women spend in educational institutions on their age at marriage, and on the change in the desirable traits of women in the marriage market. But most of these arguments overlook situations where significant changes in education take place alongside retention of traditional patriarchal values. Based on data from three population censuses – in 1983, 1995 and 2008—our results suggest that staying longer in schooling delays marriage, so women with less education are more likely to marry earlier than others. While young age is still considered an important characteristic in the Israeli‐Palestinian marriage market, and women who delay marriage face a greater risk of remaining single, education becomes more important over the years so that postponing marriage becomes especially problematic for low‐educated women. Our findings suggest that traditional norms and structural conditions together shape marriage timing.

Objective. This article critically examines contradictions within the Israeli welfare system, and asks how welfare transfers affect poverty for different social groups. Methods. Using data from Israel's 1996 Income Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the analysis focuses on households with working‐age heads, and compares poverty rates, before and after transfers among three groups: (1) recent immigrants; (2) Arabs; and (3) ultra‐orthodox Jews (Haredim), distinguishing between couple‐ and female‐headed households. Results. The results show that social welfare policy is more effective in aiding recent immigrants, who are entitled to special benefits, than aiding Arabs. The findings also show that transfers have a stronger effect in reducing poverty among female‐headed families than among couple‐headed families, thus reducing the gap between these two types of households. Conclusions. Israeli welfare policy reduces poverty, but this effect differs substantially by social group. While formally Israel is considered a universalistic welfare state, for historical and ideological reasons certain social groups, such as Jewish immigrants, have been favored and granted extra benefits, while others, such as Arabs, were neglected.