Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Halftitle Page -- Title Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Introduction: A Balkan Laboratory of Citizenship -- A century of dis/integrations -- Citizenship and citizenship regime -- In Yugoslavia, and after: Citizenship as research field, citizenship as battlefield -- Citizenship as a political history of Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslav states -- Part 1: From National Integration to the First Disintegration -- 1. Brothers United: The Making of Yugoslavs -- Brothers as aliens: From Yugoslavism to Yugoslavia -- Brothers as citizens: The belated birth of Yugoslav citizenship -- Precarious birth, fragile existence and the brutal death of the first Yugoslavia -- 2. Revolutionary Brothers: The Communist Formula for Yugoslavia -- Yugoslav communists: Solving the national question -- Wartime: Enemies or brothers? -- From brothers in arms to federated citizens -- Part 2: From Socialist Re-Integration to the Second Disintegration -- 3. Brothers Re-United! Federal Citizenship in Socialist Yugoslavia -- Centralist federalism, 1945-1967 -- Bifurcated citizenship -- Self-management, decentralization and citizenship -- 4. Brothers as Partners: Centrifugal Federalism, Confederal Citizenship and Complicated Partnership -- Centrifugal federalism, 1967-1974 -- From federal to confederal citizenship -- Broken partnership: From confederal citizenship towards crisis -- 5. The Bridges Over the Miljacka: The Long Farewell to Yugoslav Citizenship -- Yugoslavism: Fading of an idea -- Yugoslavia: Only a matter of interests? -- Code red: Turning citizens into enemies -- Part 3: From Nationalist Disintegration to War -- 6. Partners into Competitors: Divisive Democracy and Conflicting Conceptions of Citizenship -- Democracy and nationalism -- Citizens as voters: Democratize and divide.

This contribution deals with the violence, conflicts and wars that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall in the former socialist multinational federations. The question of why these federations disintegrated so soon after the collapse of the communist regimes is followed by more puzzles. Why did violence occur in some places and not in others? Where, under what circumstances, and when was violence most likely to happen? Finally, why was the disintegration of Yugoslavia so uniquely brutal? In the author's view, two crucial questions determined the fate of many citizens of the former socialist federations in the context of their imminent disintegration: Did the incipient states (republics) and the federal centre accept the separation and the existing borders? Did all groups and all regions accept independence and the authority of the new states? The analysis of the possible answers to these questions across the former socialist federations and their former republics that experienced violence brings us to what the author defines as three decisive triggers of violence: citizenship, borders and territories, and the role of the military apparatus of defunct federations. Adapted from the source document.

An analysis of citizenship policies in post-communist Croatia sheds light on citizenship problems in other post-communist states, especially the post-partition states formed after the collapse of the Socialist Multinational Federation. It is noted that citizenship legislation often created three categories: the included, the excluded, & the invited. Attention is given to the dramatic transition that occurred in the dynamics between the included, the excluded, & the invited in Croatia due to citizenship policies of the current European Union-oriented government. The failure of Croatia's first generation of post-communist leaders to form an ethnic democracy is examined, along with the privileged relationship offered to citizens living abroad; & Croatia's citizenship law based on legal continuity & Croatian ethnicity that was enacted when independence was achieved. Sammy Smooha's model of ethnic democracy (2005, 2006) is examined to argue that today's Croatia is an "exemplary ethnic democracy." The likelihood that the new decade will introduce "a new Croatia, different from both that of the 1990s & the early 2000s," is discussed. J. Lindroth

In this paper, I analyze Croatian citizenship policies in the post-communist context & argue that it is a very instructive case for understanding the citizenship conundrum that followed the end of the communist regimes in Central & Eastern Europe. Almost everywhere in post-communist Europe, & especially in the post-partition states formed after the collapse of socialist multinational federations, new citizenship legislation & administrative practices frequently resulted in creating three distinct categories of individuals: the included, the excluded, & the invited (more often than not ethnic kin abroad). I put a special focus on the transformations of the citizenship policies in Croatia & how the dynamic between the included, the excluded & the invited changed from nationalist Croatia in the 1990s to an EU-oriented Croatia in the 2000s. The analysis of Croatian citizenship policies allows me to suggest that post-Tudman Croatia can be seen as an exemplary case of ethnic democracy according to the criteria defined by Sammy Smooha. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper, I analyze Croatian citizenship policies in the post-communist context & argue that it is a very instructive case for understanding the citizenship conundrum that followed the end of the communist regimes in Central & Eastern Europe. Almost everywhere in post-communist Europe, & especially in the post-partition states formed after the collapse of socialist multinational federations, new citizenship legislation & administrative practices frequently resulted in creating three distinct categories of individuals: the included, the excluded, & the invited (more often than not ethnic kin abroad). I put a special focus on the transformations of the citizenship policies in Croatia & how the dynamic between the included, the excluded & the invited changed from nationalist Croatia in the 1990s to an EU-oriented Croatia in the 2000s. The analysis of Croatian citizenship policies allows me to suggest that post-Tudman Croatia can be seen as an exemplary case of ethnic democracy according to the criteria defined by Sammy Smooha. Adapted from the source document.