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Purpose. To assess smoking prevalence and attitudes of physicians and nurses before a smoking ban. The relationship between pre-ban attitudes and post-ban smoking behavior was also studied. Design. This is a prospective descriptive study of a cohort of nurses and physicians who were surveyed six months before and six months after a ban on smoking was implemented. Setting. A large, 1,000-bed teaching hospital in the Northeast of the United States. Subjects. All full-time members of the medical (n=1,496) and nursing staff (n=1,500) were surveyed. The overall response rate for the cohort was 41 % for physicians and 39% for nurses. Measures. Surveys included standardized questions on current smoking behavior, and sociodemographic variables. Attitudes toward quitting and the smoking policy and attitudes about implementation and enforcement of the smoking ban were included. Results. Both physicians and nurses were supportive of a smoke-free policy, but the two groups differed significantly on attitudes related to implementation and enforcement, with nurses being more accommodating toward smoking and less likely to enforce a ban on smoking. Physicians were more likely than nurses to quit smoking after implementation of the ban. Pre-ban attitudes were not predictive of post-ban changes in smoking behavior. Conclusions. Physicians and nurses agreed with establishing a smoke-free environment but disagreed over the efforts needed to maintain the smoke-free environment. Quitting behavior was not influenced by pre-ban attitudes.

Recientemente México aprobó una ley federal y otra en la capital del país que prohíben fumar en espacios cerrados. Estas medidas legislativas están en plena concordancia con las acciones propuestas en el Artículo 8 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, que México ratificó en 2004. En este ensayo se revisa la evidencia científica que demuestra que la exposición al humo de tabaco causa enfermedades crónicas y agudas en niños y adultos no fumadores. Toda exposición al humo de tabaco es dañina, por lo tanto sólo la creación de espacios 100% libres de humo de tabaco, tal como lo plantean las nuevas leyes, constituye una intervención efectiva para proteger a la población. Este tipo de medidas se asocian con impactos positivos para la salud, como la reducción de la prevalencia de fumadores y del número de cigarrillos fumados diariamente, así como incremento en las tasas de cesación. En este texto, también proveemos evidencia de disminución de síntomas respiratorios agudos y de hospitalizaciones por infarto agudo del miocardio. Los principales argumentos de la industria tabacalera son desmentidos con ejemplos bien documentados de que no hay pérdidas económicas causadas por este tipo de medidas y de que la prohibición de fumar es aceptada por la población. Con las leyes aprobadas, el control del tabaco en México se ha fortalecido y entre los retos futuros están la implementación, evaluación y vigilancia del cumplimiento de la prohibición, así como otras leyes similares en los estados.

In this article, the authors discuss program evaluation of intervention studies when the outcome of interest is collected routinely at equally spaced intervals of time. They illustrate concepts using data from the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study, where the outcome is state per capita tobacco consumption. States differ widely in mean tobacco consumption, and these differences should be accounted for in the analysis. A large difference in the variance of the intervention effect maybe obtained depending on whether the variation in the between-state effects are considered. The confidence limits obtained by ignoring between-state effects are too optimistic in many cases.

Reducing tobacco use, especially cigarette smoking, is a public health priority. The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) was initiated in 1991 to prevent and reduce tobacco use primarily through policy-based approaches to alter the social-political environment. This article describes the conceptual design, research framework, evaluation components, and analytic strategies that are guiding the evaluation of this demonstration research endeavor. The ASSIST evaluation is a unique analysis of the complex relationships between the social context, public health activity at the state level, tobacco use, and individual behavior. The measures of tobacco control activity developed for this evaluation may be useful in ongoing national cancer control surveillance efforts, and the lessons learned will enhance the development of tobacco control programs.