Suchergebnisse

Die ursprüngliche Konzeption der Universaldienste zielt auf eine Grundversorgung mit Sprachtelefonen für jedermann zu erschwinglichen Preisen. Die Finanzierung von Universaldiensten ist im Rahmen der ordnungspolitischen Regelungen der Telekommunikation gesichert. Wir beschreiben die Konzeptionen des Universaldienstes in Deutschland, in der Europäischen Union sowie in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die faktische wirtschaftliche Entwicklung zeigt eine Konvergenz zwischen Telekommunikationsunternehmen und der Branche der Informationsinhalte. Das alte Konzept vom Telefon als Universaldienst wird dadurch obsolet. Die Informationsgesellschaft ist eine Wissensgesellschaft; d.h. das Wissen wird zu einer tragenden Ressource dieser neuen Gesellschaftsform. Gewisse Dienste mit Informationsinhalten werden somit zu Universaldiensten. Im Sinne einer dualen Informationsordnung unterscheiden wir zwischen inhaltlichen Universaldiensten (Dienste der informationellen Grundversorgung) und kommerziellen Informationsdiensten. Die Arbeit geht besonders auf Universaldienste ein, die Bibliotheken sowie andere Informationseinrichtungen anbieten sollten. Abschließend werden länderübergreifende, globale Universaldienste diskutiert.

Es wird versucht, quantitative Werte zur Messung der Informationskompetenz von Volkswirtschaften zu entwickeln. Zudem sollen Korrelationen zwischen der Informationskompetenz und der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit darüber Auskunft geben, wie Gesamtwirtschaft und Informationswirtschaft eines Landes zusammenhängen. - Operationalisierung. "Informationskompetenz" wird durch den Umsatz auf nationalen Business-to-Business-Märkten operationalisiert. Abgeleitete Größen sind Pro-Kopf-Import- und Exportvolumen, Informationsproduktion und -konsumtion (insgesamt und pro Kopf) sowie der Anteil der Informationswirtschaft am jeweiligen nationalen Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP). Datenbasis. Im Rahmen der "Member States' Study" der Europäischen Kommission wurden für den gesamten Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum (EWR; Staaten der Europäischen Union sowie Norwegen und Island) für die Jahre 1994 und 1997 Umsatzzahlen der 17 Länder erhoben. Diese Zahlen wurden auf Plausibilität überprüft und unserer Fragestellung zugrundegelegt. Ergebnisse. Der Anteil der Informationswirtschaft am BIP ist derart gering (EWR: 0,070% im Jahr 1997), daß er nahezu ignoriert werden kann. Die Korrelation zwischen dem BIP pro Kopf und der Informationskonsumtion pro Kopf ist jedoch äußerst hoch (+0,715 im Jahr 1994 und +0,642 im Jahr 1997), ebenso die Korrelation zwischen BIP pro Kopf und Informationsimport pro Kopf (+0,588 im Jahr 1994 sowie +0,583 im Jahr 1997). Zwischen dem BIP pro Einwohner und Informationsexport besteht demgegenüber kein Zusammenhang. Interpretation. Eine Volkswirtschaft ist umso leistungsfähiger, je größer Informationskonsum und -import sind. Export und Leistungsfähigkeit hängen - ganz entgegen dem Trend auf anderen Gütermärkten - nicht zusammen. Zur Steigerung der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit eines Landes kommt es demnach vor allem darauf an, sowohl die im eigenen Land für das eigene Land bestimmten Informationen als auch im Ausland produzierte Informationen optimal zu nutzen. Hierin liegt eine Besonderheit der sog. "Neuen ...

The population in many cities all over the world is continuously growing and with this growing number of people infrastructural, health and location-related problems increase. It is assumed that these problems could be addressed by means of open government data which many governments publish on their web portals so that it can be further processed and transformed. Since the citizens themselves know best what they need, governments encourage them to participate in open data innovation competitions and to create value added services for their city. The reuse of open urban government data during hackathons or app competitions is a new trend in knowledge societies of how governments and citizens work together. But have these events still become practice in local governments and are they helpful means to foster government-to-citizen communication and collaboration? The authors analyze innovation competitions in 24 world cities to see how they are applied and whether they have the potential to make the city "smart".

Many cities in the world define themselves as 'smart.' Is this term appropriate for cities in the emergent Gulf region? This article investigates seven Gulf cities (Kuwait City, Manama, Doha, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and Muscat) that have once grown rich due to large reserves of oil and gas. Now, with the threat of ending resources, governments focus on the development towards a knowledge society. The authors analyzed the cities in terms of their 'smartness' or 'informativeness' by a quantitative survey and by in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 34). Especially Doha in Qatar is well on its way towards an informational city, but also Dubai and Sharjah (both in the United Arab Emirates) make good scores.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify governmental social media use in cities with enhanced information and communications technology infrastructures (i.e. Informational World Cities) and high Internet penetration rates. Social media platforms are increasingly being used by governments to foster user interaction and it was investigated if social media platforms are valuable tools for reaching high numbers of citizens.


Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is based on an iterative content and Web analysis from November 2012 till January 2013 and offers a comparison of different social media service types and the particular use.


Findings
– This empirical investigation of 31 Informational World Cities provides an overview of social media services used for governmental purposes, of their popularity among governments and of their usage intensity in broadcasting information online. Even as cities in a globalized world become more similar, a variety in the use of social media by governments was detected, which is due to regional and cultural characteristics.


Research limitations/implications
– The findings are limited to calculable data, e.g. number of used social media accounts, posts and followers which were available through a content and Web analysis at the time of investigation.


Practical implications
– A more detailed content analysis, as well as a more differentiated analysis of users, must be conducted in the future.


Originality/value
– This paper is one of the first that presents a global comparison of governmental social media use of cities of the knowledge society and compares different social media platforms.

Research questions: (1) How can we explain the development of monopolies on SNS markets? (2) Are monopolies possibly temporarily limited? (3) What does this mean for competition (or antitrust) law? Results: (1) Direct network effects (number of users) and indirect network effects (complementary products and advertising) facilitate the development of one standard und thus a quasi-monopoly. There is empirical evidence that there are indeed standards on SNS markets (Facebook in the U.S. and Germany, Vkontakte in Russia). (2) The standards seem to be temporary monopolies. Yet, no innovator survived as a standard. (3) The dominant market position of a standard on the SNS market alone is no problem for Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). But if a dominant company tries to immunize its leading position (e.g. by mergers and acquisitions), such behavior can be scrutinized. On two-sided markets, it would be possible to define the relevant market much broader than the small SNS market. When we consider the whole online advertising market as relevant, many of Article 102's problems are avoided.

This book offers a critical evaluation of Qatar's path from oil- and gas-based industries to a knowledge-based economy. This book gives basic information about the region and the country, including the geographic and demographic data, the culture, the politics and the eonomy, the health care conditions and the education system. It introduces the concepts of knowledge society and knowledge-based development and adds factual details about Qatar by interpreting indicators of the development status. Subsequently, the research methods that underlie the study are described, which offers information on the eGovernment study analyzing the government-citizen relationship, higher education institutions and systems, its students and the students' way into the labor market. This book has an audience with economists, sociologists, political scientists, geographers, information scientists and other researchers on the knowledge society, but also all researchers and practitioners interested in the Arab Oil States and their future