Suchergebnisse

Based on the sources of the Russian State Archive of Modern History, the article describes the establishment and operation of customs in the socio-economic life of the second half of the 20th century, which influence the everyday life, attitude and worldview of the production (industrial) part of Russian societas. The question is raised about the consolidation of new features in consciousness, individualistic tendencies as the basis of the worldview. Attention is focused on the fact that the dissonance in the levels of social differentiation, material wealth and social status formed the basis of the mental separation of the production elite, representatives of management and the working class. The author draws attention to the fact that the phenomena of nepotism, clannishness, favours and thuggery that penetrate into everyday life and the labour sphere of life were especially negatively perceived by the workers. The negative reactions of the workers were reinforced by the realities of life – the deficit, the housing issue as a problem of social arrangement, the outdated wage system. It is noted that the public niches in which customs and traditions were firmly rooted, were to a greater extent connected with topical and acute social processes, including the institutions of power, property and trade. The researcher comes to the conclusion that by the 1980s, due to the passage of the stages of further ideological, social and economic differentiation, the separation of the individual from the working collective, the isolation of the elite and a certain isolation of its ordinary members in the production environment, bourgeois aspirations and ideals of hoarding were growing stronger.

The article describes the strengthening of writer's interest in the common, ordinary person, in the Soviet deteriorations and hardships of the post-war period. The text focuses on the emergence of a critical line in the literary work of the writers of the Russian North – a territory where peasant mental ties and spiritual bonds were especially strong. The article considers the ideological discussions regarding the published acutely social component of the press – the stories "Vologda Weddingˮ by Alexander Yashin and "Round and aroundˮ by Fyodor Abramov. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it shows the political and ideological mechanisms of influence on the authority of a writer. Special attention is paid to the period of the 1960s, associated with the cardinal social transformation of rural life, the breakdown of its traditional way of life, the commodification of labour relations, the change in economic guidelines and the modification of peasant values. The researcher comes to the conclusion that the irreconcilability of writers to the deformations of socio-economic development and the problems of the life of the rural society, including the restructuring and breaking of family institutions, property, the role of custom in peasant life, played an important role in the ideological ideas of the public, being a kind of protest, an appeal to action.

We highlight the contribution of Vologda writers Alexander Yashin and Vasily Belov to the development of village prose – the phenomenon of fiction of the 20th century. The prose writers were at the origins of the formation of themes, style, ideology of creative work of the Northern authors realm, became the ancestors of the transition from socialist to critical realism. Special attention is paid to the issues of transformation of consciousness and alteration of the problematic of the writers' narration, in the aggregate leading to the publication of sensational works about the village. The processes of the literary reputation of the writers are displayed, while the points of popularity are determined – for instance the story "Vologda Wedding" and the novel "Business as Usual" of an unusual fate. Portraying a suffering village, the authors experienced a difficult time of forced silence, their figures and creative work were discussed during ideological discussions. The conclusion that having witnessed the stage of crisis phenomena in the evolution of the collective-state farm village, the breaking of the traditional peasant way of life, Alexander Yashin and Vasily Belov were among the first among the village prose writers to express a public protest.

The social aspects of life are considered: housing legislation and the degree of provision of the USSR population with living space. By the example of citizens' letters to the central authorities and newspapers, the problem of public relations to the process of bourgeoisie of the nomenclature elite is insufficiently covered in historical science. The conclusion is formulated that the statement of private ownership psychology among officials contributed to the weakening of proper control over capital construction.

The article raises the question of a signifi cant trend in the socio-economic development of post-war Soviet society. As a study of the formation of bourgeois trends, the authors note class restructuring, a change in the organisation of labour, the
formation of entrepreneurial skills, including in the sectors of the «ghost» and «shadow» economies, and the desire for a high level of consumption. Among the mechanisms of the formation of bourgeois trends, a signifi cant role was played by the position of the state, which, on the one hand, made efforts to stimulate interest in material security (including through the promotion of advanced workers, the formation of a new consumer culture), and on the other hand, restrained the processes of material differentiation according to ideological concepts of social justice. The article was prepared on the basis of materials from the Russian State Archive of Recent History, the Russian State Archive of Economics: documents from the Communist Party bodies, reviews of law enforcement agencies, letters from citizens, as well as basing on study of the results of sociological surveys of the 1960s and the 1980s. (Some of those were recovered from the former special security service of the Russian State Library). The authors come to the conclusion that by the end of the Soviet period as a result of ongoing processes, ideological cliches about a socially homogeneous society had signifi cantly outlived their usefulness.