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A comprehensive and eye-opening examination of Hitler's regime, revealing the numerous strategic compromises he made in order to manage dissent History has focused on Hitler's use of charisma and terror, asserting that the dictator made few concessions to maintain power. Nathan Stoltzfus, the award-winning author of Resistance of Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Germany, challenges this notion, assessing the surprisingly frequent tactical compromises Hitler made in order to preempt hostility and win the German people's complete fealty. As part of his strategy to secure a "1,000-year Reich," Hitler sought to convince the German people to believe in Nazism so they would perpetuate it permanently and actively shun those who were out of step with society. When widespread public dissent occurred at home—which most often happened when policies conflicted with popular traditions or encroached on private life—Hitler made careful calculations and acted strategically to maintain his popular image. Extending from the 1920s to the regime's collapse, this revealing history makes a powerful and original argument that will inspire a major rethinking of Hitler's rule

History has focused on Hitler's use of charisma and terror, asserting that the dictator made few concessions to maintain power. Nathan Stoltzfus, the award-winning author of Resistance of Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Germany, challenges this notion, assessing the surprisingly frequent tactical compromises Hitler made in order to preempt hostility and win the German people's complete fealty. As part of his strategy to secure a "1,000-year Reich," Hitler sought to convince the German people to believe in Nazism so they would perpetuate it permanently and actively shun those who were out of step with society. When widespread public dissent occurred at home-which most often happened when policies conflicted with popular traditions or encroached on private life-Hitler made careful calculations and acted strategically to maintain his popular image. Extending from the 1920s to the regime's collapse, this revealing history makes a powerful and original argument that will inspire a major rethinking of Hitler's rule

The most significant World War II battle between Germans and Italians outside of Italy was the September 1943 battle for the Greek island of Cephalonia, ending in the post-battle execution by German Mountain Troops of thousands of Italian soldiers. The recent clash between two German groups over what happened illustrates ongoing disputes about guilt and responsibility—how governments, historians, and civilians mobilize facts to write history. The Mountain Troops' Veterans Association, which has influenced official German memory of the war, used the Cephalonia case to reassert the myth of Wehrmacht innocence, contrary to opinion-shaping Wehrmacht exhibits of the 1990s. In 2010, the federal government, backing a German judicial decision, reasserted the Wehrmacht Myth, despite opposition from Rome, Athens, and an international association of activists, as reports on right-wing extremism in the German police, judiciary, and military have become increasingly prevalent.

Most historians who address it agree that the street protest by non-Jews for their Jewish family members constitutes the most plausible explanation for the Gestapo's release of intermarried Jews incarcerated at Berlin's Rosenstrasse. Had the women not protested, the Jews (or the overwhelming majority) most likely would have been deported to either death or labor camps. This view holds that regime leaders released the Jews for tactical reasons, not because it was cowed or had moral scruples. Although Wolf Gruner has characterized this long-established interpretation as "legend,' his evidence on balance supports rather than challenges it.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Social Outsiders and the Construction of the Community of the People -- CHAPTER 2 Social Outsiders in German History: From the Sixteenth Century to 1933 -- CHAPTER 3 No "Volksgenossen": Jewish Entrepreneurs in the Third Reich -- CHAPTER 4 When the Ordinary Became Extraordinary: German Jews Reacting to Nazi Persecution, 1933-1939 -- CHAPTER 5 The Nazi Purge of German Artistic and Cultural Life -- CHAPTER 6 The Limits of Policy: Social Protection of Intermarried German Jews in Nazi Germany -- CHAPTER 7 The Exclusion and Murder of the Disabled -- CHAPTER 8 From Indefinite Confinement to Extermination: "Habitual Criminals" in the Third Reich -- CHAPTER 9 The Ambivalent Outsider: Prostitution, Promiscuity, and VD Control in Nazi Berlin -- CHAPTER 10 "Gypsies" as Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany -- CHAPTER 11 The Institutionalization of Homosexual Panic in the Third Reich -- CHAPTER 12 Police Justice, Popular Justice, and Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany: The Example of Polish Foreign Workers -- CHAPTER 13 Sex, Blood, and Vulnerability: Women Outsiders in German- Occupied Europe -- CHAPTER 14 Social Outcasts in War and Genocide: A Comparative Perspective -- List of Contributors -- Index

Introduction: Nazi responses to popular unrest among the volk of the Reich / Nathan Stoltzfus -- Aspects of German procedures in the Holocaust / Gerhard Weinberg -- Women and protest in wartime Nazi Germany / Jill Stephenson -- The demonstrations in support of the Evangelical Land Bishop Hans Meiser : a successful protest against the Nazi regime? / Christiane Kuller -- The Catholic Church, Bishop von Galen and "euthanasia" / Winfried Suss -- Possibilities of protest in the Third Reich : the Witten demonstration in context / Julie Torrie -- The "legend" of women's resistance in the Rosenstrasse / Katharina von Kellenbach -- Auschwitz, the Fabrik-Aktion, Rosenstrasse : a plea for a change of perspective / Joachim Neander -- The 1943 Rosenstrasse protest and the churches / Antonia Leugers -- Protest and aftermath : popular protest in Nazi German history / Nathan Stoltzfus -- Afterword: Protest and resistance / David Clay Large -- Appendix I: The situation of the Mischlinge in Germany, mid-March 1941 / by Gerhard Lehfeldt -- Appendix II: Public decree of the district administrator of the Calau District, Calau, February 25, 1943 -- Appendix III: 1 April 1943 OSS document identifying protest in Berlin with the interruption of deportation of Jews -- Appendix IV: Translated excerpts from the diaries of Joseph Goebbels -- Appendix V: Excerpts from testimonies of women who protested for their Jewish husbands in response to a request from the Berlin Bureau of Reparations, 1955 -- Appendix VI: Excerpts of individual sections and paragraphs from legal texts and ordinances (1933-1941) -- Appendix VII: RSHA guidelines for deportation to Auschwitz, Berlin, 20 February 1943 -- Appendix VIII: Documents of the SS at Auschwitz from early March 1943 indicating their "pull" for workers from Berlin and their expectation that more working Jews (intermarried) would be sent from Berlin -- Appendix IX: Documents in response to the Witten protest and from 1944 indicating Hitler's continuing refusal to use force against "racial" civilians who refused to follow regime guidelines for evacuating bombed areas -- Appendix X: Excerpts from the recent German press representing controversies about public protest by ordinary Germans in the Third Reich.