Suchergebnisse

How consciousness (experience) arises from and relates to material brain processes (the "mind-body problem") has been pondered by thinkers for centuries, and is regarded as among the deepest unsolved problems in science, with wide-ranging theoretical, clinical, and ethical implications. Until the last few decades, this was largely seen as a philosophical topic, but not widely accepted in mainstream neuroscience. Since the 1980s, however, novel methods and theoretical advances have yielded remarkable results, opening up the field for scientific and clinical progress. Since a seminal paper by Crick and Koch (1998) claimed that a science of consciousness should first search for its neural correlates (NCC), a variety of correlates have been suggested, including both content-specific NCCs, determining particular phenomenal components within an experience, and the full NCC, the neural substrates supporting entire conscious experiences. In this review, we present recent progress on theoretical, experimental, and clinical issues. Specifically, we (1) review methodological advances that are important for dissociating conscious experience from related enabling and executive functions, (2) suggest how critically reconsidering the role of the frontal cortex may further delineate NCCs, (3) advocate the need for general, objective, brain-based measures of the capacity for consciousness that are independent of sensory processing and executive functions, and (4) show how animal studies can reveal population and network phenomena of relevance for understanding mechanisms of consciousness. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme ; Hermann and Lilly Schilling Foundation ; German Research Foundation ; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain ; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ; Sao Paulo Research Foundation ; James S. McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award ; EU Grant H2020-FETOPEN ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research ; Azrieli Program in Brain, Mind and Consciousness ; FLAG-ERA JTC project CANON ; Norwegian Research Council ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research ; Univ Oslo, Inst Basal Med Sci, Div Physiol, Dept Mol Med, POB 1103 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway ; Univ Wisconsin, Dept Neurol, Madison, WI 53705 USA ; Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat, Madison, WI 53719 USA ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Sci & Technol, BR-12231280 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil ; Univ Milan, Dept Biomed & Clin Sci Luigi Sacco, I-20157 Milan, Italy ; Fdn Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Ist Ricovero & Cura Carattere Sci, I-20162 Milan, Italy ; Univ Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, Cognit & Syst Neurosci Grp, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Amsterdam, Res Prior Program Brain & Cognit, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Med Goettingen, Dept Cognit Neurol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany ; Leibniz Inst Primate Res, German Primate Ctr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany ; Leibniz Sci Campus Primate Cognit, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Sci & Technol, BR-12231280 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme: 720270 ; German Research Foundation: WI 4046/1-1 ; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: 1R03NS096379 ; FAPESP: 2016/08263-9 ; EU Grant H2020-FETOPEN: RIA 686764 ; Web of Science