This study provides an overview of how the Bangladeshi leather value chain is organised and governed. It analyses how the leather processing and leather goods/footwear subsectors are integrated into the global market and to what extent informal arrangements including illicit practices are conducive to global market entry. Power relations are dissected along the value chain, in order to analyse how local producers adapt to upholding competitiveness. The results of the work show the need to devise upgrading strategies which pay heed to the reality of informal dynamics in a global value chain (GVC) to improve the local producers' competitiveness. The GVC perspective was combined with considerations on upgrading, subcontracting, middlemen and informality to adequately analyse the complexity of the transactions in the chain. The data of this study are drawn from empirical field studies in Dhaka, Bangladesh and other sections of the international leather value chain during the time period of 2010 to 2014. A qualitative research approach was complemented with quantitative methods.
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I am a Surface Warfare Officer primarily, but also a political military subspecialist. The latter indicates that when l am not at sea, l am normally assigned to billets requiring some skill and experience in strategic planning, pol-mil affairs, or international relations. Most of my naval career has been spent in thinking about and training for a war at sea against the Soviet Navy. Shipboard exercises during department head, executive officer, commanding officer, and squadron commander tours were designed and carried out to ensure that the combatants to which I was assigned were prepared to defeat Soviet nuclear submarines, supersonic aircraft, and well-armed surface ships.
On 2 August of this year the course of history was altered. On that day Iraq initiated its brutal military attack and subsequent forceful occupation of its tiny southern neighbor, Kuwait. Regardless of the outcome of the current crisis, the world will never be the same.
For the seventeenth year, "Summer in Newport" will signify to hundreds of men and women their participation in Global, the largest and most comprehensive political-military game in the world. These busy professionals from all of the armed forces, numerous friendly nations, and dozens of private, governmental, and international organizations will assemble to help us think about the world as it soon may be.
It was little more than a year ago, in the Autumn 1992 edition of these Notes, that I offered a brief explanation of the National Military Strategy and the Joint Chiefs of Staffs concept of "the Base Force" considered essential to the execution of that strategy. The Navy-Marine Corps elements in that force could be stated, in an abbreviated fashion, as a fleet of about 450 ships (down from a recent peak of nearly 600) and a Marine Corps with about 159,000 active personnel, down from roughly 200,000.
"In a world in which societies are becoming ever more interdependent but in which political power remains fragmented, whatever security or civility prevails may well depend on the character, the policies, the strength, and the will of a few great states, and the leadership for those states must come from this country."
During July of each of the last fourteen years, a large number of military and civilian governmental professionals have traveled to Newport to take part in what is probably the largest war game in the world. Lasting three weeks and often counting as many as 1,400 among its participants, the Global War Game tasks some of our finest minds to grapple with a series of particularly thorny problems. This year's game will examine emerging policy issues and alternative directions in the national security and military strategy of the United States.
During the last several years the size of the student body at the Naval War College has increased dramatically. When classes began last August we experienced an increase of 48 United States military students over the previous year, bringing the total complement at our two U.S. courses to 396.
The end of the Cold War, the ongoing democratization of much of the rest of the world, and the success of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf do not mean the end of diplomatic and military challenges to U.S. policy. The question now becomes how best to examine and prepare for such challenges.
During the last 25 years, the United States has been the leading actor on the international stage. Responding to direct threats to global and regional peace and stability, American policymakers and military forces have been employed throughout the world to protect our interests and those of our friends and allies
If military plans, policies, and programs are to be wisely formulated, an appreciation of the course that world politics will likely follow is first necessary. This paper attempts to predict the international political atmosphere in which U.S. military forces will operate during the next 15 years. In undertaking such a task we hope that an analysis of this nature may prove to be of value to those military officers engaged in making decisions having long-range implications.
Die Studie untersucht Risiken für negative Umweltauswirkungen entlang der globalen Lieferketten der deutschen lebensmittelverarbeitenden Industrie. Sie soll Unternehmen der Branche bei der Umsetzung umweltbezogener Sorgfaltspflichten in ihren Lieferketten unterstützen. Die Analyse basiert auf einer erweiterten multiregionalen Input-Output-Modellierung, ergänzt um Literaturrecherchen zu ausgewählten Rohstoffen und Vorprodukten. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung werden geografisch, sektoral und nach Lieferkettenstufe aufbereitet und umfassen die Umweltthemen Treibhausgase, Luftschadstoffe, Fläche, Wasser, wassergefährdende Stoffe sowie Abfälle. Für die Rohstoffe und Vorprodukte Kakao, Palmöl und Soja werden jeweils typische Umweltauswirkungen und eingetretene Schadensfälle in den vorgelagerten Wertschöpfungsstufen anhand von Länderbeispielen exemplarisch aufgeführt. Die Studie zeigt zudem exemplarisch Zusammenhänge zwischen Risiken für negative Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und Menschenrechte auf. Auf Grundlage der Analyseergebnisse der Studie werden Ansatzpunkte und Maßnahmen zur Minderung von Umweltrisiken und zur Umsetzung umweltbezogener Sorgfaltspflichten formuliert.
The research project "Cost allocation and incentive mechanisms for environmental, climate protection and resource conservation along global supply chains" (Project number 3722 14 101 0) commissioned by the German Environment Agency, analyses (dis)incentives for and barriers to the implementation of environmental measures as well as the exchange of information between different actors along selected global supply chains. The project focuses on five supply chains from raw material to the end product that represent key sectors of the German industry with a high potential for environmental and human rights risks: cotton/readymade garments; tin/tin solder; natural rubber/car tyres; coffee/coffee for consumption; iron ore/quality steel for automotive industry). This report summarises the results of the first of five work packages, which aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current functioning of the selected supply chains, existing power structures, barriers and incentives, and the institutional framework for environmental protection, information sharing and cost-benefit distribution. After an introduction to the relevance of globalised production and trade and their impact on the environment, the study provides a brief review of the management and economic literature and its corresponding sub-disciplines related to the governance of sustainability in global supply chains. Section 3 presents supply chain profiles of each raw material/commodity, analyses market and power structures, presents the typical value chain from the raw material to the end product, identifies the main environmental impacts, highlights current trends and developments, and contextualizes each supply chain within the institutional framework that provides incentive mechanisms and barriers to environmental protection. The report is based on a comprehensive qualitative analysis of relevant studies, reports, databases and online tools. To supplement the existing data and sources, the team conducted interviews with experts from various segments of the supply chains as well as civil society organisations active in the respective supply chains.
