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Historical, political, economic, mental changes – Russian and Soviet occupations, wars, globalization, emigration etc. – determined that the Lithuanians since XIX century prefer "identity of resistance". The resistance by regular residents is very important to expression of identity. ; W powszechnym przekonaniu wojna partyzancka jest ważnym elementem tożsamości narodowej, dlatego warta jest uwagi nie tylko teoretyków sztuki wojennej, lecz także badaczy kwestii narodowych i politycznych. Artykuł przedstawia formy wojny partyzanckiej prowadzonej na Litwie podczas powstania styczniowego w latach 1863–1864 oraz pokazuje, jaka była taktyka walki oddziałów litewskich przeciwko siłom gen. P. Bermondt-Awałowa w 1919 r. Rozważania zaczynają się od przedstawienia wojny partyzanckiej jako jednej z form oporu społecznego, by zakończyć się na dokładnym wyszczególnieniu najważniejszych starć podczas dwóch wspomnianych wyżej konfliktów zbrojnych. Artykuł kończy konkluzja, że partyzantem w obronie ojczyzny może być każdy i że na Litwie to pojęcie jest zazwyczaj niesłusznie wąsko kojarzone jedynie z walką w latach 1944–1945, choć tego typu działania były prowadzone w obronie litewskiej ziemi już dużo wcześniej.

The summer of 1940 opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania. The first Soviet summer events changed the lives of entire generations, dramatically modified the national consciousness, and programmed the loss of lives of hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian citizens. Today, apart from general knowledge, little is known about how the occupation of Lithuania went on in the summer of 1940 in a particular place, on a particular day. How did it change Lithuanian institutions, government agencies, and the military? This article discusses the Sovietization of the Lithuanian army's Siauliai military garrison in the summer of 1940. The article mainly focuses on the heads of the crew change. This article is largely based on yet unpublished sources.

W powszechnym przekonaniu wojna partyzancka jest ważnym elementem tożsamości narodowej, dlatego warta jest uwagi nie tylko teoretyków sztuki wojennej, lecz także badaczy kwestii narodowych i politycznych. Artykuł przedstawia formy wojny partyzanckiej prowadzonej na Litwie podczas powstania styczniowego w latach 1863–1864 oraz pokazuje, jaka była taktyka walki oddziałów litewskich przeciwko siłom gen. P. Bermondt-Awałowa w 1919 r. Rozważania zaczynają się od przedstawienia wojny partyzanckiej jako jednej z form oporu społecznego, by zakończyć się na dokładnym wyszczególnieniu najważniejszych starć podczas dwóch wspomnianych wyżej konfliktów zbrojnych. Artykuł kończy konkluzja, że partyzantem w obronie ojczyzny może być każdy i że na Litwie to pojęcie jest zazwyczaj niesłusznie wąsko kojarzone jedynie z walką w latach 1944–1945, choć tego typu działania były prowadzone w obronie litewskiej ziemi już dużo wcześniej. ; Historical, political, economic, mental changes – Russian and Soviet occupations, wars, globalization, emigration etc. – determined that the Lithuanians since XIX century prefer "identity of resistance". The resistance by regular residents is very important to expression of identity.

The summer of 1940 opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania. The first Soviet summer events changed the lives of entire generations, dramatically modified the national consciousness, and programmed the loss of lives of hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian citizens. Today, apart from general knowledge, little is known about how the occupation of Lithuania went on in the summer of 1940 in a particular place, on a particular day. How did it change Lithuanian institutions, government agencies, and the military? This article discusses the Sovietization of the Lithuanian army's Siauliai military garrison in the summer of 1940. The article mainly focuses on the heads of the crew change. This article is largely based on yet unpublished sources.

The beginning of the war in 1939 changed the geopolitical situation in the Baltic region. AfterPoland had lost its sovereignty and the Soviet Union approached the borders of Lithuania, thecountry's defence concept also changed. Reforms of the army that had started in Lithuania asearly as 1935 fundamentally changed the approach to the defence of the country. The visionwas declared that every citizen was a defender of his country. After the reinforcement of bordercontrol, mobilisation plans were drawn up, and the Riflemen's Union was included in Lithuania'sdefence plans. In 1939, after the Mutual Assistance Treaty had been signed with the SovietUnion, 20,000 Soviet soldiers entered Lithuania. Given the new geopolitical circumstances, adetailed restructuring of the concept of national defence was undertaken. This paper looks intothe directives for mobilisation drawn up in the spring of 1940, the mobilisation plan for the Riflemen'sUnion, and the plans for the use of the riflemen for national defence.Key words : paramilitarism, Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, border guard, Lithuanian army, militarydefence of Lithuania. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v28i0.926

One of the most common epithets of the Uprising of 1863 is: the last military fi ght of the former Republic of the Both Nations against Imperial Russia with the aim to restore political independence of the Republic. A rebellion is an armed fi ght but not each armed fight is called a war. A war, especially when it lasts longer, usually undergoes more than one phase. An uprising also undergoes several phases. Depending on a phase different combat tactics are used. One of the most common tactics is guerrilla tactics. Partisan fi ghts may be referred to as hunting and trapping and it is important who the hunter and what the loot are. It should be taken into account that anti-guerrilla tactics may be used against partisans. The aim of the paper is to identify whether the Uprising of 1863 in Lithuania may be referred to as guerrilla warfare, how and what guerrilla tactics were used in the North of Lithuania.

One of the most common epithets of the Uprising of 1863 is: the last military fi ght of the former Republic of the Both Nations against Imperial Russia with the aim to restore political independence of the Republic. A rebellion is an armed fi ght but not each armed fight is called a war. A war, especially when it lasts longer, usually undergoes more than one phase. An uprising also undergoes several phases. Depending on a phase different combat tactics are used. One of the most common tactics is guerrilla tactics. Partisan fi ghts may be referred to as hunting and trapping and it is important who the hunter and what the loot are. It should be taken into account that anti-guerrilla tactics may be used against partisans. The aim of the paper is to identify whether the Uprising of 1863 in Lithuania may be referred to as guerrilla warfare, how and what guerrilla tactics were used in the North of Lithuania.

The research is related to the city of Šiauliai. Trying to localize the area, it would be a square in central part of the city formed by Vilnius, Dvaro, Aušros alėja, and P. Višinskio streets. There were many of local and state-level institutions in this area and it was the reason that locals liked this place. The biggest and most modern cafes, bars and restaurants were exactly in the center of that square. The fourth decade of the twentieth century in the Republic of Lithuania was full of active public life. The state formation phase was completed and the society lived in peaceful time rhythm. Knowing that the army of the First Republic played an important role in Šiauliai, as the third-largest city, several thousand troops belonging to different military forces were deployed. During the free time soldiers and officers visited cafes, bars and restaurants located in city center. Sometimes some of these visits ended in officer's dignity humiliation actions. The study attempts to clarify the sites of catering and accommodation places visited by officers in Šiauliai and military superiors' attempts to prevent potential dignity humiliating actions.

The research is related to the city of Šiauliai. Trying to localize the area, it would be a square in central part of the city formed by Vilnius, Dvaro, Aušros alėja, and P. Višinskio streets. There were many of local and state-level institutions in this area and it was the reason that locals liked this place. The biggest and most modern cafes, bars and restaurants were exactly in the center of that square. The fourth decade of the twentieth century in the Republic of Lithuania was full of active public life. The state formation phase was completed and the society lived in peaceful time rhythm. Knowing that the army of the First Republic played an important role in Šiauliai, as the third-largest city, several thousand troops belonging to different military forces were deployed. During the free time soldiers and officers visited cafes, bars and restaurants located in city center. Sometimes some of these visits ended in officer's dignity humiliation actions. The study attempts to clarify the sites of catering and accommodation places visited by officers in Šiauliai and military superiors' attempts to prevent potential dignity humiliating actions.

The problem of the process of establishment/self-establishment of modern selfgovernment in Šiauliai region at the end of 1918 is analysed in the article. The modern self-government emerged in Lithuania at the end of 1918. An emergence of modern self-government was a common result of Lithuanian government activity and activity of citizenry. The modern self-government in Lithuania has been built in complicated political circumstances. Local self-government was formed differently in solitary localities of the country. There were different speed and forms of local self-government. Therefore a base and demand investigate historical circumstances and a specific of formation of local self-government in different regions exist. The establishment/self-establishment of local self-government in Šiauliai region is analysed in the Lithuanian context. In order to highlight an originality of Šiauliai region in the process of formation of local self-government, an establishment of self-government of Šiauliai city was analysed. To clear-up an originality of an establishment of Šiauliai city self-government a situation of other cities of Lithuania – Vilnius, Kaunas, Panevėžys – has been investigated in this aspect. The formation of Šiauliai county self-government is compared with the formation of other counties self-government. The accomplished investigation shows that Šiauliai region distinguished from other regions with very weak influence of central government and with dominance of left wing politicians, especially social democrats, who operated absolutely separately. Citizenry of Šiauliai city organized general and in principle democratic election earlier than other cities of Lithuania and established local self-government.

The problem of the process of establishment/self-establishment of modern selfgovernment in Šiauliai region at the end of 1918 is analysed in the article. The modern self-government emerged in Lithuania at the end of 1918. An emergence of modern self-government was a common result of Lithuanian government activity and activity of citizenry. The modern self-government in Lithuania has been built in complicated political circumstances. Local self-government was formed differently in solitary localities of the country. There were different speed and forms of local self-government. Therefore a base and demand investigate historical circumstances and a specific of formation of local self-government in different regions exist. The establishment/self-establishment of local self-government in Šiauliai region is analysed in the Lithuanian context. In order to highlight an originality of Šiauliai region in the process of formation of local self-government, an establishment of self-government of Šiauliai city was analysed. To clear-up an originality of an establishment of Šiauliai city self-government a situation of other cities of Lithuania – Vilnius, Kaunas, Panevėžys – has been investigated in this aspect. The formation of Šiauliai county self-government is compared with the formation of other counties self-government. The accomplished investigation shows that Šiauliai region distinguished from other regions with very weak influence of central government and with dominance of left wing politicians, especially social democrats, who operated absolutely separately. Citizenry of Šiauliai city organized general and in principle democratic election earlier than other cities of Lithuania and established local self-government.

The article discusses the nineteenth- century specifics of epistolary culture and its main characteristics. The letters of immigrants in the late Nineteenth- century – the beginning of twentieth may be characterized as a separate world. It was as a bridge that connected the Old and New Worlds. J. Šliūpas represented "sliupian Lithuanian" political stream based on the idea of a liberal thought and social justice. Many of the ideas were borrowed from U.S. political culture. Dr. J. Šliūpas letters were full with specific form of political ideas fulfilled with simple and straightforward didactic style. The content of letters is wide and each letter is full with different suggestions mainly due to dr. J. Šliūpas emigrant experience. The content of dr. J. Šliūpas letters both living in United States and after he had returned to Lithuania, were focused on the Lithuanian affairs. Even in the letters addressed to close family members or friends he was discussing the problems of Lithuanian policy. Dr. J. Šliūpas vision of statehood in the article has been divided into two main blocks of visions - a) External - territorial solutions; b) the structure of the state. In discussing the domestic affairs dr. J. Šliūpas ideas were represented in several selective topics - a) state and the constitution; b) governance of the state; c) defending policy; d) religious affairs; e) education policy; f) society.

The article discusses the nineteenth- century specifics of epistolary culture and its main characteristics. The letters of immigrants in the late Nineteenth- century – the beginning of twentieth may be characterized as a separate world. It was as a bridge that connected the Old and New Worlds. J. Šliūpas represented "sliupian Lithuanian" political stream based on the idea of a liberal thought and social justice. Many of the ideas were borrowed from U.S. political culture. Dr. J. Šliūpas letters were full with specific form of political ideas fulfilled with simple and straightforward didactic style. The content of letters is wide and each letter is full with different suggestions mainly due to dr. J. Šliūpas emigrant experience. The content of dr. J. Šliūpas letters both living in United States and after he had returned to Lithuania, were focused on the Lithuanian affairs. Even in the letters addressed to close family members or friends he was discussing the problems of Lithuanian policy. Dr. J. Šliūpas vision of statehood in the article has been divided into two main blocks of visions - a) External - territorial solutions; b) the structure of the state. In discussing the domestic affairs dr. J. Šliūpas ideas were represented in several selective topics - a) state and the constitution; b) governance of the state; c) defending policy; d) religious affairs; e) education policy; f) society.