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Islamic culture is founded on a deep and pervasive respect for contract, and for contractual relationships as a means of solving diverse social problems. In addition, for more than a thousand years Islamic empires have included Jewish and Christian communities that were allowed to have a substantial degree of legal autonomy. These two facts about Islamic legal culture are used to explain the remarkable phenomenon of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), a financial free zone in Dubai in which a British judge administers British common law within the zone while outside the zone UAE law applies. We encourage other nations to consider the flexible and pragmatic approach that has characterised Dubai in the creation of the DIFC.

Each year the Joint CEASD/CAID Annals Committee selects a topic of current interest for inclusion in the annual reference issue. This issue's topic pertains to bilingual/bicultural programs for deaf children. While much has been said and written about the general topic, relatively little has been written about existing programs. Accordingly, the committee invited Dr. Michael Strong a researcher and an articulate proponent of this approach in the education of deaf children, to author this review. Please send any comments you wish to make pertaining to this review to Donald F. Moores, editor of the Annals literary issues. In a cover letter accompanying his manuscript, Dr. Strong wrote, "I kept evaluative comments to a minimum, but with great difficulty!" It has since been suggested that he submit a more self-expressive companion article for consideration in a future issue of the Annals .

This paper reports on the analysis of narrative samples of simultaneous communication (SC) from three elementary school teachers of the deaf. Patterns of deletion in the signed component were found consistent with earlier studies of teachers at other grade levels. Further analysis of other deviations revealed five distinct strategies which the teachers employed in an attempt to cope with the difficult task of communicating in two channels at once. It was concluded that the model of English presented by teachers using SC is neither consistent nor complete enough to permit a young learner to acquire the rules of the language successfully. Alternative means of providing manual input in the classroom are suggested.

This study examined isolation among a group of deaf high school students who were nominated as "outstandingly successful" by their schools in a stratified random sampling from across the United States. From the data contained in 23 case studies, we determined that most of the students, whether from mainstream or residential programs, experienced some degree of isolation from peers or family or both. Nevertheless, most of the students had developed, or had at their disposal, positive strategies for coping with their isolation. These strategies are discussed and implications are drawn for teachers and parents.

The World Bank's publication, 'The Health of Adults in the Developing World', edited by Feachem, Kjellstrom, Murray, Over and Phillips, is both a response to concerns that adult mortality has been receiving insufficient attention and a challenge to governments, public-health workers and researchers. We present some different perspectives.

Case studies are presented of deaf high school students who were identified as "outstandingly successful" in a national survey. In the analysis of case histories, a subgroup of students had achieved success despite numerous stressful circumstances. Students who would have been expected to do poorly were nonetheless achieving. Although from different sociocultural, linguistic, and educational backgrounds, these students appeared to have one attribute in common: a high level of resilience. The study explores resilience and how three deaf students were able to overcome many obstacles to achievement.

Oyster reef ecosystems used to form significant components of many temperate and subtropical inshore coastal systems but have suffered declines globally, with a concurrent loss of services. The early timing of many of these changes makes it difficult to determine restoration targets which consider interdecadal timeframes, community values and shifted baselines. On the Australian continent, however, the transition from Indigenous (Aboriginal) to Westernized resource use and management occurred relatively recently, allowing us to map social-ecological changes in detail. In this study, we reconstruct the transformations in the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) wild commercial industry of central and southeast Queensland, and by extension its reef ecosystems, as well as the changing societal and cultural values related to the presence and use of the rock oyster through time. By integrating data from the archaeological, anthropological and fisheries literature, government and media accounts, we explore these transformations over the last two centuries. Before the 1870s, there was a relative equilibrium. Aboriginal peoples featured as sole traders to Europeans, supplying oysters and becoming a substantial component of the industry's labour pool. Effectively, Australia's commercial oyster industry arose from Aboriginal-European trade. During this initial phase, there was still a relative abundance of wild oyster, with subtidal oyster reef structures present in regions where oysters are today absent or scarce. By contrast, these reefs declined by the late 19th century, despite production of oysters increasing due to continued large-scale oyster recruitment and the expansion of oyster cultivation in intertidal areas. Production peaked in 1891, with successive peaks observed in regions further north. During the 1890s, flood events coupled with land-use changes introduced large quantities of silt into the system, which likely facilitated an increase in oyster pests and diseases, ultimately decreasing the carrying ...