Suchergebnisse

Chapter 10 ; International audience ; Among the 257 million migrants on the planet, in 2017 it is estimated that 66 million persons have been forcibly displaced1. This number has steadily increased over the last decade and is mostly composed of people displaced in their own countries (40.3 million in 2016). The next big group (22.5 million) consists of refugees forced to flee their country (UNHCR, 2017). Stateless people are often forgotten but they also deserve attention. There are many causes for distress migration: besides conflicts and wars, the negative impacts of climate change, the degradation of the environment and the occurrence of natural hazards are laying their burden on peoples' livelihoods. It is important to realise that 84% of migrants are hosted by developing regions (UNHCR, 2017). There is a need for international, regional and local governments to re-think policies, programmes, spatial and social planning. The UN pleas for a clear focus on facilitating safe, orderly and regular migration, enabling beneficial impact of migration for migrants and countries, for communities of destination and of origin (UN, 2017). To reach this objective, inclusive and comprehensive strategies are of utmost importance. The primary challenge for governments in the development of such inclusive and comprehensive strategies is to gain full understanding of the different forms of mobility, the complexity of interlinkages and spatial dispersion. These comprehensive strategies consist of innovative social and technical interventions and new modes of governance in response to the challenges and the specific context.

Chapitre 10 ; International audience ; Parmi les 257 millions de migrants que comptait notre planète en 2017, on estime que 66 millions de personnes étaient victimes de déplacements forcés. Leur nombre, en augmentation constante depuis une décennie, se compose principalement de personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur propre pays (40,3 millions en 2016). Le deuxième groupe par la taille (22,5 millions) est celui des réfugiés contraints de quitter leur pays (HCR, 2017). Souvent oubliées, les personnes apatrides méritent que l'on s'y intéresse. Les causes des migrations de détresse sont nombreuses : au-delà des guerres et des conflits armés, les effets délétères du réchauffement climatique, les dégradations environnementales et les catastrophes naturelles font peser un risque majeur sur les moyens d'existence. Relevons à ce stade que 84 % des migrants sont accueillis au sein de pays en développement (HCR, 2017). Le besoin de repenser les politiques, les programmes, la planification spatiale et sociale concerne tous les systèmes de gouvernance, de l'échelle locale à l'échelle internationale. L'appel de l'ONU à faciliter une immigration régulière, ordonnée et sans danger pour les personnes vise ainsi à assurer des effets positifs pour les migrants comme pour les États et dans les communautés d'origine autant que dans celles d'accueil (ONU, 2017). Pour atteindre cet objectif, l'adoption de stratégies exhaustives et inclusives est fondamentale. Le principal défi que pose aux gouvernements l'établissement de telles stratégies est de parvenir à une compréhension aussi parfaite que possible des différentes formes de mobilité, de la complexité des interrelations et de la dispersion spatiale. Ces stratégies exhaustives devront reposer sur des innovations sociales et techniques ainsi que sur de nouveaux modes de gouvernance à même de répondre aux défis et aux spécificités du contexte local.

Chapter 10 ; International audience ; Among the 257 million migrants on the planet, in 2017 it is estimated that 66 million persons have been forcibly displaced1. This number has steadily increased over the last decade and is mostly composed of people displaced in their own countries (40.3 million in 2016). The next big group (22.5 million) consists of refugees forced to flee their country (UNHCR, 2017). Stateless people are often forgotten but they also deserve attention. There are many causes for distress migration: besides conflicts and wars, the negative impacts of climate change, the degradation of the environment and the occurrence of natural hazards are laying their burden on peoples' livelihoods. It is important to realise that 84% of migrants are hosted by developing regions (UNHCR, 2017). There is a need for international, regional and local governments to re-think policies, programmes, spatial and social planning. The UN pleas for a clear focus on facilitating safe, orderly and regular migration, enabling beneficial impact of migration for migrants and countries, for communities of destination and of origin (UN, 2017). To reach this objective, inclusive and comprehensive strategies are of utmost importance. The primary challenge for governments in the development of such inclusive and comprehensive strategies is to gain full understanding of the different forms of mobility, the complexity of interlinkages and spatial dispersion. These comprehensive strategies consist of innovative social and technical interventions and new modes of governance in response to the challenges and the specific context.

Chapitre 10 ; International audience ; Parmi les 257 millions de migrants que comptait notre planète en 2017, on estime que 66 millions de personnes étaient victimes de déplacements forcés. Leur nombre, en augmentation constante depuis une décennie, se compose principalement de personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur propre pays (40,3 millions en 2016). Le deuxième groupe par la taille (22,5 millions) est celui des réfugiés contraints de quitter leur pays (HCR, 2017). Souvent oubliées, les personnes apatrides méritent que l'on s'y intéresse. Les causes des migrations de détresse sont nombreuses : au-delà des guerres et des conflits armés, les effets délétères du réchauffement climatique, les dégradations environnementales et les catastrophes naturelles font peser un risque majeur sur les moyens d'existence. Relevons à ce stade que 84 % des migrants sont accueillis au sein de pays en développement (HCR, 2017). Le besoin de repenser les politiques, les programmes, la planification spatiale et sociale concerne tous les systèmes de gouvernance, de l'échelle locale à l'échelle internationale. L'appel de l'ONU à faciliter une immigration régulière, ordonnée et sans danger pour les personnes vise ainsi à assurer des effets positifs pour les migrants comme pour les États et dans les communautés d'origine autant que dans celles d'accueil (ONU, 2017). Pour atteindre cet objectif, l'adoption de stratégies exhaustives et inclusives est fondamentale. Le principal défi que pose aux gouvernements l'établissement de telles stratégies est de parvenir à une compréhension aussi parfaite que possible des différentes formes de mobilité, de la complexité des interrelations et de la dispersion spatiale. Ces stratégies exhaustives devront reposer sur des innovations sociales et techniques ainsi que sur de nouveaux modes de gouvernance à même de répondre aux défis et aux spécificités du contexte local.

Background: Low baseline fitness of recruits entering basic military training is shown to be associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) and attrition of military training. This in turn leads to an increased demand for health care, increased health care costs and decreased personnel occupancy rate of military units. Design: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Objective: To determine the effects of a pre-training conditioning program on cardiovascular endurance, incidence of overuse injuries, and attrition rates in Dutch Airmobile recruits undertaking initial military training. Setting: Royal Netherlands Army, Air Assault Brigade military training course. Participants: Recruits are considered eligible for this study when they are 'low-fit' at the start of the initial military training. Time to complete a 2700 m run test in ≥12′23'' is used as selection criteria. Interventions: We use a complex system approach to cover multiple domains of MSI prevention and optimise intervention circumstance; a pre-training conditioning program, training staff support, process-focused culture and health accountability. The pre-training conditioning program contains functional training to improve mobility, power, agility, lower and upper body strength and cardiovascular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance will be targeted both by endurance training and high intensity interval training. Main outcome measurements: Outcome measures include cardiovascular endurance, injury incidence, attrition rates, lost training days due to injuries, and implementation fidelity of the PCP. Trial status: Recruitment of participants commenced April 18, 2018 and final results are expected in August 2019. Trial registration: Dutch trial register www.trialregister.nl/=trial/6791.

Within the southern North Sea, several EU Member States are developing or have already implemented marine spatial plans for their EEZs. However, marine spatial p lanning (MSP) is usually carried out at the national level and largely ignores the possible mutual benefits of crossborder cooperation. The MASPNOSE project has facilitated two concrete, cross‐border MSP initiatives:  the Thornton Bank area on the border between Belgium and the Netherlands where crossborder coordination could used to address wind energy development, shipping and fisheries management  the Dogger Bank international fisheries management plan developed by the North Sea Regional Advisory Council (NSRAC). Here, cross‐border MSP was used to develop a stakeholder perspective on spatial management measures. The two case studies were in different stages of the cross‐border MSP process. In this paper we focus on the role of knowledge and research in these two planning initiatives. We describe the knowledge requirements that have been articulated (e.g. on ecosystem components, spatial‐temporal patterns, current and future human use, institutional setting) and how these requirements have been addressed through data workshops with stakeholders, analysis of policy documents and interviews. In the Thornton Bank case study the knowledge requirements focused on the institutional and administrative settings and the identification of policy priorities. In the Dogger Bank case study, stakeholder knowledge was combined with research knowledge to assess zoning options for the Dogger Bank area