Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters
In: New York Academy of Sciences Series v.126
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- SERIES PREFACE Environmental Science and Technology -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of Aquatic Chemistry -- 1.2 The Solvent Water -- 1.3 Solute Species -- Suggested Readings -- Appendix 1.1: Some Useful Quantities, Units, Conversion Factors, Constants, and Relationships -- 2. Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chemical Thermodynamic Principles -- 2.3 Systems of Variable Composition: Chemical Thermodynamics -- 2.4 Gibbs Energy and Systems of Variable Chemical Composition -- 2.5 Chemical Potentials of Pure Phases and Solutions -- 2.6 Chemical Potentials of Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.7 The Equilibrium Constant -- 2.8 The Gibbs Energy of a System -- 2.9 Driving Force for Chemical Reactions -- 2.10 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium -- 2.11 Equilibrium Tools -- 2.12 Kinetics and Thermodynamics: Time and Reaction Advancement, ξ -- 2.13 Rate and Mechanism -- 2.14 Concentration Versus Time -- 2.15 Theory of Elementary Processes -- 2.16 Elementary Reactions and ACT -- 2.17 Equilibrium Versus Steady State in Flow Systems -- Suggested Readings -- Problems -- Answers to Problems -- 3. Acids and Bases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Nature of Acids and Bases -- 3.3 The Strength of an Acid or Base -- 3.4 Activity and pH Scales -- 3.5 Equilibrium Calculations -- 3.6 pH as a Master Variable -- Equilibrium Calculations Using a Graphical Approach -- 3.7 Ionization Fractions of Acids, Bases, and Ampholytes -- 3.8 Titration of Acids and Bases -- 3.9 Buffer Intensity and Neutralizing Capacity -- 3.10 Organic Acids -- Suggested Readings -- Problems -- Answers to Problems -- 4. Dissolved Carbon Dioxide -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dissolved Carbonate Equilibria (Closed System) -- 4.3 Aqueous Carbonate System Open to the Atmosphere.