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AbstractWe analyze, using the micro data of the Household Financial Survey (HFS) of the Bank of Spain, the consumption consequences of the household balance sheets and debt accumulation during the real estate bubble of 2002–2005, the Great Recession (2008–2011) and the subsequent economic recovery phase (2014–2017). Using quantile regression models, we find heterogeneity in household consumption behavior with respect to income and net worth levels, and in response to changes in household net worth in the last two periods. During the considered real estate bubble period, this heterogeneity in behavior is diminished, and only occurs in relation to the level of net wealth, in line with Hyman Minsky's Paradox of Tranquility. These findings favor the post-Keynesian theory on consumption. The greater inequality leads to a higher propensity of certain households to consume in response to changes in housing and financial net worth. This is compatible with the relative income hypothesis extended in expenditure cascades models. Otherwise, households will be willing to take on more risk during economic boom periods associated with a real estate bubble, which translates into debt-financed consumption that virtually makes such heterogeneity practically disappear.

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural incomes in Spanish rural areas. Present research has focused on the effects of these extreme climatological events through response functions, considering effects on crop productivity and average incomes. Among the impacts of droughts, we focused on potential effects on income distribution. The study of the effects on abnormally dry periods is therefore needed in order to perform an analysis of diverse social aspects in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a measure of the decomposition of inequality to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. Certain adaptation measures may require a better understanding of risks by the public to achieve general acceptance. We provide empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two impacts considered: farms' average income and income distribution. Our estimates consider crop production response to both biophysical and socio-economic aspects to analyse long-term implications on competitiveness and disparities. As for the results, we find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analysed.

The public Administration faces at present a cardinal challenge: to answer to the social demands with efficiency, supporting a few minimal levels of quality in a context of increasing service to the people. Nevertheless, in the bosom of the human organizations there is done necessary the recovery of the ethical values as modals of his performance. The economic and political structures are instruments to the service of the man, as also the Public Administration he must promote the fundamental rights and to make a quality environment and efficiency possible in the frame of the legality and of the public service. When there gets lost of sight the instrumental character of the institutions and the only aspects that stand out are mercantile, at the time the struggle for the fundamental rights of the man cannot less that to experience a clear setback. There arises from such reflections the motivation of the present investigation, which realizes a discussion on the ethical performance in the public area, emphasizing the paper that must exercise the ethical management of the development as an alternative approach that tries to orientate the strategies and the political ones of development, emphasizing that the end of the development is the people. ; La Administración pública se enfrenta en la actualidad a un reto capital: responder a las demandas sociales con eficacia, manteniendo unos mínimos niveles de calidad en un contexto de creciente servicio a la gente. No obstante, en el seno de las organizaciones humanas se hace necesaria la recuperación de los valores éticos como referentes de su actuación. Las estructuras económicas y políticas son instrumentos al servicio del hombre, como también la Administración Pública debe promover los derechos fundamentales y hacer posible un ambiente de calidad y eficacia en el marco de la legalidad y del servicio público. Cuando se pierde de vista el carácter instrumental de las instituciones y los únicos aspectos que sobresalen son los mercantiles, entonces la lucha por los derechos fundamentales del hombre no puede menos que experimentar un claro retroceso. En virtud de tales reflexiones la motivación de la presente investigación, la cual realiza una discusión sobre la actuación ética en el ámbito público, destacando el papel que debe ejercer la gerencia ética del desarrollo como un enfoque alternativo que trata de orientar las estrategias y las políticas de desarrollo, enfatizando que el fin del desarrollo es la gente.

This article seeks fundamental aims to highlight the activities undertaken by the pharmaceutical industry around the world in order to increase their profitability, growth and good portions conquer the world market, often behind the ethics, in the same way it addresses issues relating to ethical decision making in the industry. In this regard, the research used ethnographic methodology was used theories, positions and views taken by authors in relation to the pharmaceutical industry, as: Angell (2006) and Stiglitz (2006), and in relation to organizational ethics, Cortina ( 2001), Soto and Cardenas (2007) and Codina (2004), among others. In this regard, we propose as a conclusion a series of measures to provide transparency, ethics and social commitment through joint action by businesses, governments, universities and society in general, achieving a balance between corporate profits and the needs society. ; Este artículo tiene como propósito fundamental poner de relieve las actividades que realiza la industria farmacéutica alrededor del mundo, con el fin de aumentar su rentabilidad, crecimiento y conquistar buenas porciones del mercado mundial, muchas veces a espaldas de la ética y la responsabilidad social, de la misma manera se abordan aspectos concernientes a la toma de decisiones éticas en dicha industria. En tal sentido, se estableció una metodología de carácter etnográfico, se utilizaron teorías, posiciones y opiniones asumidas por autores en relación a la industria farmacéutica, como: Angell (2006) y Stiglitz (2006), y en relación a la ética organizacional, Cortina (2001), Soto y Cárdenas (2007), y Codina (2004), entre otros. En este sentido, se propone como conclusión una serie de elementos que permitan jerarquizar la transparencia, compromiso social y ético por medio de la acción conjunta de las empresas, gobiernos, universidades y la sociedad en general, logrando un equilibrio entre la ganancia corporativa y las necesidades de la sociedad.

This paper examines the perceptions of firms in April 2020, one month after the Spanish Government declared the state of alarm, about how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect their business activity in the following months, and what employment decisions they expect to make in response. The data for the study was collected by the Government of the region of Aragon (Spain) through a survey of a non-randomly selected sample of firms located in the region. In addition to prospects and intended actions, firms were asked whether or not they had applied for ERTE aid (the Spanish job retention scheme to contain the pandemic crisis). We find that firms participating (voluntarily and anonymously) in the survey anticipated rather well the severity of the effects of the pandemic in the following months. The ERTE aid helped firms to maintain the jobs of their inactive employees, while firms that did not ask for aid responded by laying off employees. Further, the ERTE aid helped to maintain the jobs of furloughed employees, but the firms receiving ERTE aid expected to lay off the same proportion of employees as firms without that aid, controlling for the different anticipated effects of the pandemic in the two groups of firms.

[Background] Bean anthracnose is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.- Scrib. Resistance to C. lindemuthianum in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) generally follows a qualitative mode of inheritance. The pathogen shows extensive pathogenic variation and up to 20 anthracnose resistance loci (named Co-), conferring resistance to specific races, have been described. Anthracnose resistance has generally been investigated by analyzing a limited number of isolates or races in segregating populations. In this work, we analyzed the response against eleven C. lindemuthianum races in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) common bean population derived from the cross Xana × Cornell 49242 in which a saturated linkage map was previously developed. ; [Results] A systematic genetic analysis was carried out to dissect the complex resistance segregations observed, which included contingency analyses, subpopulations and genetic mapping. Twenty two resistance genes were identified, some with a complementary mode of action. The Cornell 49242 genotype carries a complex cluster of resistance genes at the end of linkage group (LG) Pv11 corresponding to the previously described anthracnose resistance cluster Co-2. In this position, specific resistance genes to races 3, 6, 7, 19, 38, 39, 65, 357, 449 and 453 were identified, with one of them showing a complementary mode of action. In addition, Cornell 49242 had an independent gene on LG Pv09 showing a complementary mode of action for resistance to race 453. Resistance genes in genotype Xana were located on three regions involving LGs Pv01, Pv02 and Pv04. All resistance genes identified in Xana showed a complementary mode of action, except for two controlling resistance to races 65 and 73 located on LG Pv01, in the position of the previously described anthracnose resistance cluster Co-1. ; [Conclusions] Results shown herein reveal a complex and specific interaction between bean and fungus genotypes leading to anthracnose resistance. Organization of specific resistance genes in clusters including resistance genes with different modes of action (dominant and complementary genes) was also confirmed. Finally, new locations for anthracnose resistance genes were identified in LG Pv09. ; This work was supported by grants AGL2007-66563-C02-02/AGR and RTA2011-0076-CO2-01 from INIA-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spanish Government and European Regional Development Fund. We thank J. D. Kelly of Michigan State University for providing some of the isolates of C. lindemuthianum. We also thank E. Pérez-Vega, N Trabanco, and M Bueno for their technical assistance. ; Peer Reviewed

This paper examines the perceptions of firms in April 2020, one month after the Spanish Government declared the state of alarm, about how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect their business activity in the following months, and what employment decisions they expect to make in response. The data for the study was collected by the Government of the region of Aragon (Spain) through a survey of a non-randomly selected sample of firms located in the region. In addition to prospects and intended actions, firms were asked whether or not they had applied for ERTE aid (the Spanish job retention scheme to contain the pandemic crisis). We find that firms participating (voluntarily and anonymously) in the survey anticipated rather well the severity of the effects of the pandemic in the following months. The ERTE aid helped firms to maintain the jobs of their inactive employees, while firms that did not ask for aid responded by laying off employees. Further, the ERTE aid helped to maintain the jobs of furloughed employees, but the firms receiving ERTE aid expected to lay off the same proportion of employees as firms without that aid, controlling for the different anticipated effects of the pandemic in the two groups of firms. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER, grant number ECO2017-86305-C4-3-R and CREVALOR research group, funded by the Gobierno de Aragón. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.