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Preliminary Material -- PREFACE -- IDEALIZATION AND CONCRETIZATION IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES -- PLATO'S PHILOSOPHY AND THE ESSENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- THE IDEALIZATIONAL THEORY OF SCIENCE AND PHYSICS OF THE MICROWORLD -- THE IDEALIZATIONAL CONCEPTION OF SCIENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION -- ON KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE -- SCIENTIFIC AND EVERYDAY KNOWLEDGE -- UNIVERSALITY OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS -- THE ROLE OF THEORY IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES -- THE LEIBNIZ-EINSTEIN PRINCIPLE OF THE MINIMIZATION OF PREMISES -- ON KINDS OF INTERPRETATION PROCEDURES IN SCIENCE -- THE PROBLEM OF THE RATIONALITY OF SCIENCE -- PRINCIPLES AND KINDS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY -- THE RATIONALITY OF SCIENCE AND LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS -- WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SCIENCE? -- TYPES OF DETERMINATION VS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN HISTORICAL EPISTEMOLOGY -- RELATION OF CORRESPONDENCE AND LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE -- EXPERIMENT AND SCIENCE -- HEGEL'S HISTORICISM AND CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE -- ARE THERE DEFINITIVELY FALSIFYING PROCEDURES IN SCIENCE? -- ON THE SO-CALLED COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. THE EXAMPLE OF FIZEAU'S AND MICHELSON'S EXPERIMENTS -- TESTABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT -- ATOMISTIC EMPIRICISM OR HOLISTIC EMPIRICISM? -- THE NOTION OF AN AD HOC HYPOTHESIS -- ON THE PECULIARITY OF PHYSICS AND ITS DIVISIONS -- MODELS OF RATIONALITY IN PHYSICS -- TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSICS OF THE MICROWORLD -- THE UNIVERSALITY OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE -- ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL INFINITY OF THE WORLD -- THE PECULIAR STATUS OF COSMOLOGY AS A SCIENCE -- THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND CONTEMPORARY COSMOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY -- NEWTON'S FIELDS OF STUDY AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES -- HEGEL AND CONTEMPORARY NATURAL SCIENCES -- UNITY OR VARIETY OF NATURE? -- THE PLACE OF PROCESSES IN THE STRUCTURE OF REALITY -- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE -- HEGEL'S CATEGORY OF TOTALITY AND HIS CONCEPT OF STATE -- THE BEING OF BEINGS IN HEIDEGGER'S SEIN UND ZEIT -- REFERENCES -- POZNAŃ STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SCIENCES AND THE HUMANITIES.

The author distinguishes four levels of integration: regional, national, European, & global. The identity issue occurs at the national & European levels. National identities are subject to constant change, particularly in Europe, dominated by the processes of integration & globalization. Today, the new identities of European states emerge from "the vertical confrontation" (with the "higher order" identity), & not from the "horizontal relations" with other nations. Culture is essential in the development of a common European identity. The new European identity is not going to isolate Europe from the rest of the world. As a matter of fact, the European integration is but a single step in the direction of the global integration, & European identity a stage in achieving the fourth identity level.