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The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between migration, poverty,and fulfillment of food demand. Research design is a mixed method, combining survey and qualitative methods. The survey was conducted involving 100 samples of randomly selected households. While the qualitative method is carried out by in-depth interviews with selected households and key informants. The results of this study indicate that the impact of tidal flooding on the community economy is very significant. For example, more than one fifth of households fall into the poor category (per capita expenditure below the poverty line). One of the reasons is that tidal flooding has resulted in the loss of most people's livelihoods from agriculture. In addition, the loss of agricultural land has also resulted in the loss of food resources. In the end, this caused most households to rely on non-agricultural work, namely as laborers, outside the village. As a consequence they have to carry out non-permanent mobility as a way to overcome the economic problems they face. The interesting thing is they don't want to migrate to other places. One reason why they do not migrate is their inability to overcome economic barriers in the form of costs to migrate.

There are evidence of growing Indonesian labour migration flows overseas. This involves at least two other important issues. The first one is the increase of undocumented (illegal) international migration from Indonesia, mostly to neighboring countries. Second, feminization of labour migration is also expected to grow to responses consequences on both macro and micro level. Many of them have been well addressed in research, but still left some important issues, such as trafficking and children left behind. Several researches have been conducted in there two subjects, but still limited. In fact they are very important in developing a more sound policies to alleviate the negative impact of international labour migration.

There is a gap of development achievement in Indonesia. At least it can be observed from human development index (HDI) in the period of 1996- 2002 which show a significant different across provinces. Among provinces in Java, Yogyakarta sit in the second position after Jakarta in the year of 1996 and 1999, but it became third rank in the year of2002. As it was in other provinces, the value of the index is still lower in 2002 compared to 1996, but higher than in 1999. It means the economic crisis which hit the country affect the human development a lot. In the same time among the district in the Yogyakarta province, the gap of HDI also appeared between the District of Gunung Kidul which the rank was 140 and the city of Yogyakarta which the rank was Q in 2002. Even the gap was higher in 1996 and 1999 because the rank of Gunung Kidul is 187 and 1965 respectively while it was 5 and 2 for the city of Yogyakarta. Gunung Kidul is also the area which was the most hit by the crisis as can be seen from the sharp decline in people's purchasing power. However this area experience faster recovery shown by the higher increase of purchasing power than other districts.

Development for three decades in Indonesia has gained a significant result in lowering poverty. However, the statistic shows that a large number of people is still under poverty line. Inaddition, poverty has another dimension which might be more crucial to be solved, that are social and political poverty. The next unfinished agenda of development is how to solve this problem to accelerate the success of economic poverty aleviation.

Using "own children method", the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Indonesia based on the 1990 Population Census is lower (3326) than as hadbeen expected. This has resulted in the fast decrease of fertility rate during the last decade. There is a tendency that the decrease of fertility rate in Indonesia is correlated negatively to fertility rate. The lower the fertility rate, the faster the decrease would become. It tends to be a deviation to the usual concept that correlation between fertility rate and its decrease is positive.'This maybe because the fertility rate of Indonesia is still higher than the optimum value.Based on the decreases occurred during the last two decades, it is estimated that Indonesia will soon reach a replacement level after the year 2000. It might be even sooner if the decline of the fertility rate during the period of 1980-1990was applied. Along with the increase of life expectancy, this will rapidly change the population structure.The total fertility rate varied among provinces. There are several provinces which have very low fertility rate and are estimated to continue until the year 2000. They are, for instance,Yogyakarta and Bali. However, there are also provinces having high fertility rates such as Southeast Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. This differentiation infertility rates should be noted in implementing the population policy.

Using the migration survey done by Population Studies Center Gadjah Mada University, this article tries to find out the possibility in improving the definition of migration. It is based on the idea that migrationis a process. It means that migration can be defined more than dichotomy of the concept of permanent and sirculation. The reason is that the dichotomy tends to ignore the possibility of migrants occupying one or more categories intermediate to the two polar types. By introducing the variable of intention to remain at the destination and the length of migrants stay in the destination, a four fold typology of migrant type can be created: circular migrants, migrants who intend to remain circular, migrants who intend to be permanent and permanent migrants.

Development for three decades in Indonesia has gained a significant result in lowering poverty. However, the statistic shows that a large number of people is still under poverty line. Inaddition, poverty has another dimension which might be more crucial to be solved, that are social and political poverty. The next unfinished agenda of development is how to solve this problem to accelerate the success of economic poverty aleviation.

International migration from Indonesia is dominated by labor migration and a significant share of unauthorized migration and female migration. The Center for Overseas Employment and the Ditjen Binawas Depnaker, Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Ketenagakerjaan are in charge of Indonesian overseas labor migration. The Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration is responsible for collecting data on stock estimates of immigrants and emigrants, annual inflows and outflows, and characteristics of immigrants and emigrants. The Bank of Indonesia and the Ministry of Manpower gather information on remittances. There is no government agency which collects information on return migration. The publication of detailed reports and electronic accessibility of data can further improve data dissemination on international migration.

Bagi pemerintah Indonesia, terkait dengan permasalahan ketenagakerjaan, terdapat dua permasalahan yang seakan tiada akhir yakni tingginya angka pengangguran dan rendahnya upah pekerja. Kondisi ini semakin parah sejak badai krisis ekonomi melanda Indonesia sejak tahun 1997 yang mengakibatkan menurunnya kemampuan sebagian besar anggota masyarakat untuk membiayai hidupnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya pendapatan riil dan meningkatnya harga berbagai kebutuhan sehari-hari. Dalam lingkup regional, kondisi krisis ekonomi yang dialami Indonesia semakin mendorong negara ini berada pada tingkat terendah perkembangan ekonomi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara di kawasan tersebut. Lambatnya proses economic recovery menyebabkan semakin langkanya kesempatan kerja di dalam negeri dan akhirnya mendorong peningkatan arus migrasi internasional tenaga kerja Indonesia ke negaranegara di kawasan Asia dan Asia Tenggara utamanya Malaysia, Singapura dan Taiwan. Dengan demikian, bagi para migran, melakukan migrasi merupakan suatu bagian dari strategi untuk kelangsungan hidup ketika pilihan-pilihan yang lain sangat terbatas.

There are evidences that development in the last three decades has succeeded to lower the number of people living under poverty line. However, along with the economic recession this success may not continue, even it may be worsened. This study aims to understand survival strategies of the poor people in rural areas. There are at least four strategies done by the poor people. First of all, the poor people work longer to increase their income. Secondly, because of limited employment opportunity in rural areas, they commute to the city to involve in nonfarm activities. In addition, the poor people try to maximize the utilization of household member to get additional money for the householdor to lower expenditure. The last strategy is to find additional jobs as the mean to increase their income. Insome extends, there are stilla lot of poor people who can not afford all strategies mentioned above, since they have limited access for increasing their income.

Labor income is a very important issue in the process of industrialization in developing countries. Most strikes and labor conflicts in the last three years were based on workers' desire to increase income. Regarding the fact that most laborers have poor education one common means of increasing income is by lengthening work hours. The results of this study tend to prove this statement. However, this strategy has only increased total income, not real income. Income per hour does not change, and even decreases. It means that extending working hours has only increased self-exploitation. Inaddition, this result has an important implication on the analysis of labor utilization. Laborers who are fully utilized do notal ways have a higher income than those underemployed. Therefore underemployment by working hours does not represent the real labor force problem.

The achievement of population policy in the last twe decades, infect, has also brought about problems that should be anticipated. Decrease in fertility rate for instance, along with a tendency to live separately from parents and increasing intention to celibacy in turo will result in change of family structure. This change is from extended to nuclear family or even single headed household. It has been accompanied by changing character of parents-children relationship from socio-psychological into economical relationship. In addition, lower mortality rate which also means longer life expectancywould be another problemconcerning aged care. The different pattern of migration among regions or between urban and rural areas, will effect on variation of problems. That means social policies should be implemented by following the variation.

Issues on marginalization of women in labour market have always become an important discussion in developing countries. The success of economic development represented by high economic growth for some extend has even been argued as factor behind the low role of women in labour market. Does it mean that when economic growth decrease women participation in labour market will be better? In fact the economic crisis hit Indonesia since 1997, which lower the economic growth becoming minus, put women as first victim. Their role in labor market were even worsening. At least the evidence can be seen from the result of this study. Their participation in labour market is increasing, but it can not be interpreted as a better condition! maight be true that women were forced to enter labour market because of economic pressure in the household due to the crisis.

This study is intended to pursue the previous attempts in examining the relationship between low fertility regime and the case of births which had been delivered unintendedly in Yogyakarta. Using an unweighted sample of 575 married women in the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 1991, this study found that 75 cases out of 474 last birth children were bom unintendedly (beyond the range of ideal number of children). Most of the 75 cases were bom by women who have 2 or 3 ideal number of children and by a devoted Family Planning acceptors. Most of the women have limited accesses in education and economic activities. The case of unwantednes were found predominantly among women older than 25 years. Even though only a tentative findings, this study shed some light to the fact that Family Planning program to some extent may contribute to the rate of unwantedness. Apolicy is needed especially in reducing the risk of unwantedness among the low-income women.