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Soekarno was an important figure in Indonesia. He was one of founding fathers for the establishment of the Unitary State of Republic Indonesia. Soekarno was able to affirm his views on the establishment of a democracy-based state, in the difficult political dynamics with the emergence of pressure from groups that wants to establish an Islamic state. This paper wants to see how Soekarno's philosophical views of Islamic teachings and their application are ideal for the Indonesian Muslim community. In the context of theology, Soekarno saw that Indonesian Muslims could not yet understand their religion properly and correctly. Muslims experience delays in realizing the ideals of a nation state based on Islamic values as a result of the failure to capture the spirit of islam. Public awareness about the essence of religion still tends to be shallow and fanatical. Soekarno proposed the idea of rationality of religious text, in order to be able to capture the value of religious teaching.

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang pemikiran politik Islam pada masa Pra-Modern, yang cenderung bersifat legalistic formalistis, para teoritikus kenegaraan dan politik Islam cenderung melegalisasi kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh para khalifah yang sedang memerintah pada saat itu sekali pun ada kebijakan-kebijakan yang muncul dan merugikan beberapa pihak, mereka kurang begitu melihat kenyataan tersebut sebagai hal yang harus diperbaiki. Meskipun demikian para ulama banyak bergerak dalam lapangan teori kenegaraan dengan berbagai corak. Kegiatan pemikiran ini diawali oleh beberapa ulama diantaranya; al-Mawardi, al-Baqillani al-Ghazali, ibn Qutaibah, ibn Muqaffa', ibn Taimiyah, ibn Jama'ah, al-Farabi, ibn Sina dan lain sebagainya. Di masa awal kebangkitan pemikiran kenegaraan itu yang paling besar dan menonjol teorinya pada masa itu adalah al-Mawardi dan al-Farabi.

The political concept of Alfarabi is derivated from the concept of Platonic, Aristotelian, and Islam. The ideal state is the state which is elaborated the universal values of humanism, not just limited to certain ethnic and nation which is emphasizing its obedience just to God, not the something else. In this paper, the writer tried to interpret the original works of Alfarabi which is directly related to his political thought and the other thinkers who are studying his political thought. In his political thought, Alfarabi emphasized that the main purpose of the state is to make the social-welfare for its citizens. Based on the organic theory, Alfarabi stated that the government of the state is just look-like the human organism system. In which, each of the existing element functioned to strengthen each other to achieve one goal. The ideal state for Alfarabi is the state which is having the goals for its citizen welfare, and who become the prime leader is a philosopher, who is having the prophetic character, having the wider knowledge, and able to communicate with al 'aql al fa'al trough al 'aql mustafad.

The article tries to address the concept of civil society from varied perspectives. From a historical point of view, civil society demands not only the absent domination of state but also liberates individuals from the hegemony of state. The article shows that in Indonesia and Malaysian discourse, masyarakat madani is often used to represent the term of civil society. Using this conception, major values of civil society also share with basic ideas within the Medina Treaty in the history of Islam. These ideas include egalitarianism, human rights protection, participation, law and justice enforcement and pluralism. In this frame, the question on whether or not Islam is compatible with the concept of civil society is clearly answered. Muslims could benefit such a concept to build their awareness of being progressive and adaptive to social changes.