Suchergebnisse

Front Cover -- Urban Risk Management in China -- Urban Risk Management in China -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- ?Foreword -- ?Preface -- 1 - Prolegomenous foundation of urban risk management -- 1.1 Sociological basis of urban risk management -- 1.1.1 Concept of risk -- 1.1.2 Risk society theory -- 1.1.3 Responsibility dilemma of risk society -- 1.1.4 Key concepts in urban risk research -- 1.2 Basic urban risk management -- 1.2.1 Economics foundation -- 1.2.2 Theoretical foundation of systems science and decision analysis -- 1.2.3 Management science and engineering -- 1.3 Discipline of construction in urban risk management -- 1.3.1 Related disciplines of construction -- 1.3.1.1 Geography -- 1.3.1.2 Architecture -- 1.3.1.3 Civil engineering -- 1.3.1.4 Surveying and mapping -- 1.3.1.5 Transportation engineering -- 1.3.1.6 Safety science and engineering -- 1.3.1.7 Applied economics -- 1.3.1.8 Theoretical economics -- 1.3.2 Discipline orientation -- 1.3.2.1 Urban natural disaster management -- 1.3.2.2 Urban accident and disaster management -- 1.3.2.2.1 Talent cultivation -- 1.3.2.2.2 Specific research content -- 1.3.2.3 Urban social security management -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- 2 - The concept of urban risk -- 2.1 Urban risk-A continuous and unified conceptual system -- 2.1.1 Urban risk-An interdisciplinary perspective -- 2.1.1.1 Urban problems and diseases -- 2.1.1.2 Urban and public crises -- 2.1.1.2.1 Urban crisis -- 2.1.1.2.2 Urban public crisis -- 2.1.1.3 Risk cities and resilient cities -- 2.1.1.3.1 Risk cities -- 2.1.1.3.2 Resilient cities -- 2.1.2 Continuity and integrity of the urban risk concept -- 2.1.2.1 Risk, crisis, and disaster as intersecting concepts -- 2.1.2.2 Urban risk-A continuous and complex process -- 2.1.3 Urban risk-The unity of subjective and objective -- 2.2 Categories and characteristics of urban risk.

Genetic and environmental influences on predictors of decline in daily functioning, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), handgrip, and five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST), have not been addressed in the aging Chinese population. We performed classical twin modeling on FEV1, FVC, handgrip, and FTSST in 379 twin pairs (240 MZ and 139 DZ) with median age of 50 years (40–80 years). Data were analyzed by fitting univariate and bivariate twin models to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on these measures of physical function. Heritability was moderate for FEV1, handgrip, and FTSST (55–60%) but insignificant for FVC. Only FVC showed moderate control, with shared environmental factors accounting for about 50% of the total variance. In contrast, all measures of pulmonary function and muscle strength showed modest influences from the unique environment (40–50%). Bivariate analysis showed highly positive genetic correlations between FEV1 and FVC (rG = 1.00), and moderately negative genetic correlations between FTSST and FEV1 (rG = −0.33) and FVC (rG = −0.42). FEV1 and FVC, as well as FEV1 and handgrip, displayed high common environmental correlations (rC = 1.00), and there were moderate correlations between FVC and handgrip (rC = 0.44). FEV1 and FVC showed high unique environmental correlations (rE = 0.76) and low correlations between handgrip and FEV1 (rE = 0.17), FVC (rE = 0.14), and FTSST (rE = −0.13) with positive or negative direction. We conclude that genetic factors contribute significantly to the individual differences in common indicators of daily functioning (FEV1, handgrip, and FTSST). FEV1 and FVC were genetically and environmentally correlated. Pulmonary function and FTSST may share similar sets of genes but in the negative direction. Pulmonary function and muscle strength may have a shared environmental background.

Nan Cui,1 Jing Cui,2 Jianping Sun,2 Xinping Xu,1 Bilal Aslam,3,4 Lan Bai,1 Decheng Li,1 Di Wu,1 Zhongren Ma,3 Hai Gu,1 Zulqarnain Baloch3 1Research Center for Health Policy and Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; 2Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Institute for Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, People's Republic of China; 3Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China; 4Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, PakistanCorrespondence: Hai GuResearch Center for Health Policy and Management, Nanjing University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +8613687616923Email njuhaigu@126.comZulqarnain BalochBiomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Minying Road, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86-18344564625Email znbalooch@yahoo.comObjective: To assess the association between triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and hyperuricemia (HUA) in the general Chinese population.Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey included 9680 participants aged 35– 74 years in 2006 and 2009 in Qingdao, China. TG, TC and uric acid (UA) were measured. The logistic regression model was performed to estimate the association between TG, TC, and HUA with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meanwhile, age stratification analysis (< 55 years group and ≥ 55 years group) was performed to evaluate whether age potentially affects the association between TG, TC and HUA using multivariable logistic regression.Results: Higher TG and TC showed significantly increased HUA prevalence in both men and women (Ptrend all < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that borderline high TG (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.15 and HTG (OR: 2.98, 95% CI: 2.39, 3.72) indicated increased risk for HUA in men, and borderline high TG (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.68,2.62); HTG (OR: 3.62; 95% CI: 2.90,4.51), borderline high TC (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.68, 2.62) and HTC (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 2.90, 4.51) showed significant association with HUA in women after adjusted age, school years, marital status, geographic division, personal monthly income, BMI and HDL-C. Age stratification analyses demonstrated that the association between TG and HUA was stronger in males aged ≥ 55 years and female aged < 55 years, and the association between TC and HUA was stronger in both gender aged < 55 years.Conclusion: This large cross-sectional study focusing on the association between single indictor of blood lipid as exposure and HUA as outcome on the east coast of China for the first time. From a sample of Chinese adults, this study demonstrated that elevated TG in men and women and TC in women were associated with increased HUA prevalence.Keywords: triglycerides, total cholesterol, hyperuricemia, Qingdao, Chinese population

We evaluated the genetic and environmental contributions to metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and their mutual associations. Eight metabolic factors (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum uric acid) were measured in 508 twin pairs aged 8–17 years from the Qingdao Twin Registry, China. Linear structural equation models were used to estimate the heritability of these traits, as well as the genetic and environmental correlations between them. Among boys, body mass index and uric acid showed consistently high heritability (0.49–0.81), whereas other traits showed moderate to high common environmental variance (0.37–0.73) in children (8–12 years) and adolescents (13–17 years) except total cholesterol. For girls, moderate to high heritability (0.39–0.75) were obtained for six metabolic traits in children, while only two traits showed high heritability and others mostly medium to large common environmental variance in adolescents. Genetic correlations between the traits were strong in both boys and girls in children (rg = 0.64–0.99 between body mass index and diastolic blood pressure; rg = 0.71–1.00 between body mass index and waist circumference), but decreased for adolescent girls (rg = 0.51 between body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio; rg = 0.55 between body mass index and uric acid; rg = 0.61 between body mass index and systolic blood pressure). The effect of genetic factors on most metabolic traits decreased from childhood to adolescence. Both common genetic and specific environmental factors influence the mutual associations among most of the metabolic traits.

The genetic influences on aging-related phenotypes, including cognition and depression, have been well confirmed in the Western populations. We performed the first twin-based analysis on cognitive performance, memory and depression status in middle-aged and elderly Chinese twins, representing the world's largest and most rapidly aging population. The sample consisted of 384 twin pairs with a median age of 50 years. Cognitive function was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale; memory was assessed using the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale; depression symptomatology was evaluated by the self-reported 30-item Geriatric Depression (GDS-30)scale. Both univariate and multivariate twin models were fitted to the three phenotypes with full and nested models and compared to select the best fitting models. Univariate analysis showed moderate-to-high genetic influences with heritability 0.44 for cognition and 0.56 for memory. Multivariate analysis by the reduced Cholesky model estimated significant genetic (rG= 0.69) and unique environmental (rE= 0.25) correlation between cognitive ability and memory. The model also estimated weak but significant inverse genetic correlation for depression with cognition (-0.31) and memory (-0.28). No significant unique environmental correlation was found for depression with other two phenotypes. In conclusion, there can be a common genetic architecture for cognitive ability and memory that weakly correlates with depression symptomatology, but in the opposite direction.