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The comprehensive description of the Russian language consciousness fragment, which is associated with the feeling of happiness, is introduced in conformity with the psycholinguistic approach to the analysis of linguistic facts. The article describes the associative field of the happiness lexeme in the Russian language. Some culturally rich cognitive features that form the content of the happiness as the feeling in the Russian linguistic consciousness have been identified with consideration of associative dictionaries. The analysis has resulted in determining some basic cognitive categories in the Russian language consciousness: emotion and feeling, belonging, object, evaluation, being, volume, space, time, state, action, characteristic, quality, expression, subject-person, reason, light, distance, goal, animals, desire, weight, color, place, food, value, attitude, degree, plant, others. The metaphorical models of the Happiness concept realization have been observed: happiness is a living being; happiness is light; happiness is a place to be; happiness is food; happiness is an object. They are characteristic and significant for the mentality of the Russian language native speakers. The algorithm suggested for the linguistic analysis of Happiness concept may be applied to the description of other emotive concepts. All the results obtained during the analysis, are relevant for the development of psycholinguistics and emotive linguistics.

Intro -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface -- The International Development of China-A Project to Assist the Readjustment of Post-Bellum Industries -- Contents -- 1 Program I -- 1.1 Part I The Great Northern Port -- 1.2 Part II The Northwestern Railway System -- 1.3 Part III The Colonization of Mongolia and Sinkiang -- 1.4 Part IV The Construction of Canals to Connect the Inland Waterway Systems of North and Central China with the Great Northern Port -- 1.5 Part V The Development of the Iron and Coal Fields in Chihli and Shansi, and the Construction of Iron and Steel Works -- 2 Program II -- 2.1 Part I The Great Eastern Port -- 2.1.1 The Projected Port -- 2.1.2 Shanghai as the Great Eastern Port -- 2.2 Part II The Regulating of the Yangtze River -- 2.3 Part III The Construction of River Ports -- 2.4 Part IV The Improvement of the Existing Waterways and Canals -- 2.5 Part V The Establishment of Large Cement Works -- 3 Program III -- 3.1 Part I The Improvement of Canton as a World Port -- 3.2 Part II The Improvement of the Waterway System of Canton -- 3.3 Part III The Construction of the Southwestern Railway System of China -- 3.4 Part IV The Construction of Coast Ports and Fishing Harbors -- 3.4.1 Fishing Harbors -- 3.5 Part V The Establishment of Ship-Building Yards -- 4 Program IV -- 4.1 Part I The Central Railway System -- 4.2 Part II The Southeastern Railway System -- 4.3 Part III The Northeastern Railway System -- 4.4 Part IV The Extension of the Northwestern Railway System -- 4.5 Part V The Highland Railway System -- 4.6 Part VI The Establishment of Locomotive and Car Factories -- 5 Program V -- 5.1 Part I The Food Industry -- 5.2 Part II The Clothing Industry -- 5.3 Part III The Housing Industry -- 5.4 Part IV The Motoring Industry -- 5.5 Part V The Printing Industry -- 6 Program VI -- 6.1 The Mining Industry.

This article investigates the concept of identity: the research objective is to consider the principles that can be used to unite various approaches to describing the emergence and transformation of human identity. The research method is a comparative analysis of significant theories of Western philosophy in terms of the achievements of modern interdisciplinary research. Within Western philosophy, most concepts of identity can be classified as belonging to individual- centric or socio-centric research models. Therefore, such a distinction serves as the starting point to discuss the emergence and transformation of the concept of identity. The provided analysis reveals two facts. First, the investigation starts either from individual human experience or from social communication structures, this choice determining further research as individual-centric or sociocentric. Second, it is ultimately impossible to reduce an individual experience or social effect to their opposition: both individual and social beings determine the emergence and functioning of human identity. Hence, human identity should be considered as a result of interaction between individual and social beings. Within contemporary epistemology, the activity realism approach provides a theoretical foundation for explaining identity as an outcome of human active cognition and the transformation of the environment. Thus, this article provides a theoretical foundation for the empirically confirmed fact that human identity is determined by all influential factors present in the lifeworld. Any theory that neglects any efficient causes for the formation of identity in concrete circumstances of time, space, and culture inevitably fails. The practical value of this article is to create a theoretical foundation for empirical research on natural or artificial transformations of human identity in specific circumstances of cross-cultural communication and competition.

It is foreseen that the emergence of culture has been a key factor in human evo­lutionary success. However, the richness of cultural forms and significant differ­ences between national cultures complicates the demarcation of cultural prac­tices and natural behavior. This leads to a blurring of the concept of culture and makes possible speculations on the concept of human nature under the slogans of returning to the natural state of human beings and canceling artificial restric­tions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the evolutionary continuity of the hu­man species along with the demarcation of human consciousness and self-iden­tity from their evolutionary predecessors is needed. The authors of this article continue the interdisciplinary study of consciousness and combine it with data from anthropology, history, and philosophy of the Chinese culture, which has been able to maintain uninterrupted continuity for more than three millennia. The most ancient magical practices of the Shang dynasty demonstrate a direct connection with some forms of prehistoric behavior, in which one should look for the foundations of the culture. Merging magic and state institutions under the leadership of the Shang clan caused the transformation of a mystical worldview into a system of more abstract philosophical concepts. The consequent develop­ment of this system in classical canons of the Zhou dynasty became the basis for the formation of the philosophy of the Changes, which reflects the most fun­damental principles of the Chinese culture. This research allows us to con­sider the historical development of culture on a concrete example and question the essence and future of human development.