Compendium of 530 metagenome-assembled bacterial and archaeal genomes from the polar Arctic Ocean
14 pages, 6 figures, additional information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00979-9.-- Data availability: Accession numbers for the data used and generated in this study can be found in Supplementary Table 12, which includes the Arctic MAGs Catalogue and their functional annotation (European Bioinformatics Institute BioStudies ID: S-BSST451) and the co-assembly of metagenomic samples used to generate the metagenomic bins (European Nucleotide Archive PRJEB41575). Accession numbers for the metagenomic and metatranscriptomic samples used in the fragment recruitment analyses can be found in Supplementary Table 13. Publicly available datasets used in this study include the following: CheckM v.1.0.11 (https://github.com/Ecogenomics/CheckM/releases/tag/v1.1.0), GTDB release 89 (https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release89/), SILVA 132 (https://www.arb-silva.de/documentation/release-132/), KEGG release 89.1 (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/docs/relnote.html) and Pfam database release 31.0 (http://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/Pfam/releases/Pfam31.0/). Source data are provided with this paper ; The role of the Arctic Ocean ecosystem in climate regulation may depend on the responses of marine microorganisms to environmental change. We applied genome-resolved metagenomics to 41 Arctic seawater samples, collected at various depths in different seasons during the Tara Oceans Polar Circle expedition, to evaluate the ecology, metabolic potential and activity of resident bacteria and archaea. We assembled 530 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to form the Arctic MAGs catalogue comprising 526 species. A total of 441 MAGs belonged to species that have not previously been reported and 299 genomes showed an exclusively polar distribution. Most Arctic MAGs have large genomes and the potential for fast generation times, both of which may enable adaptation to a copiotrophic lifestyle in nutrient-rich waters. We identified 38 habitat generalists and 111 specialists in the Arctic Ocean. We also found a general prevalence of 14 mixotrophs, while chemolithoautotrophs were mostly present in the mesopelagic layer during spring and autumn. We revealed 62 MAGs classified as key Arctic species, found only in the Arctic Ocean, showing the highest gene expression values and predicted to have habitat-specific traits. The Artic MAGs catalogue will inform our understanding of polar microorganisms that drive global biogeochemical cycles ; This work acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). We thank the commitment of the following sponsors and research funding agencies: the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project MAGGY, grant no. CTM2017-87736-R and Polar EcoGen PID2020-116489RB-I00), Horizon 2020-Research and Innovation Framework Programme (Atlantic ECOsystems assessment, forecasting & sustainability, grant no. H2020-BG-2019-2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (in particular Groupement de Recherche GDR3280 and the Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans-GOSEE), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genoscope/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, the French Ministry of Research and the French Government's 'Investissements d'Avenir' programmes OCEANOMICS (project no. ANR-11-BTBR-0008), FRANCE GENOMIQUE (project no. ANR-10-INBS-09-08), MEMO LIFE (project no. ANR-10-LABX-54), Paris Sciences et Lettres University (project no. ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich and Helmut Horten Foundation, the Swiss National Foundation (project no. 205321_184955), MEXT/JSPS/KAKENHI (project nos. 16H06429, 16K21723, 16H06437 and 18H02279) ; Peer reviewed