Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Incentive Problems -- Basic Structures of Contracting Problems -- Discrete-Time Formulation I -- Discrete-Time Formulation II -- Contracting in Continuous Time: Time-Multiplicative Preferences -- Optimal Performance Metrics -- Contracting under Incomplete Information -- Career Concerns in Competitive Executive Job Markets -- Agency Problem in Weak Formulation -- Contracting with a Mean-Volatility Controlled Outcome -- Hierarchical Contracting: A Mean-Volatility Control Problem -- Contracting in Continuous Time: Time-Additive Preferences -- Contracting under Ambiguity: Introduction -- Contracting under Ambiguity in Continuous Time -- Information Asymmetry: Hidden Information -- Information Asymmetry: Adverse Selection -- Information Asymmetry: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard.

China's rapid socio-economic development has achieved remarkable equalizing conditions between men and women in the aspects of health, education and labor force participation, but the glass ceiling phenomenon has become more prominent. The book develops a cross-disciplinary paradigm, with economics at its core, to better understand gender in China and women in management in the Chinese business context. The theoretical perspective integrates the knowledge and evidence from cognate disciplinary strands, such as economics, sociology, management studies, and the Chinese literature, into one unified framework. In-depth interviews with managers in China's largest enterprises complement the theoretical perspective with rich empirical details to examine women's managerial experiences and career choices. The book's argument sheds light on the power of stereotypes that specify women's roles in the family, organization, and society. It shows that understanding the socio-psychological and organizational dynamics of stereotyping in the Chinese context, as well as how Chinese women make career decisions, recognizing and deploying these expectations, provides new perspectives on the underrepresentation of women among business leaders in China. The book offers multi-disciplinary evidence on the economics of gender in China that is highly relevant for gender studies in general, and across a number of subject areas, and it can be used in any setting as an introductory reference

Contributors address questions about gender equality in a Confucian context across a wide and varied social policy landscape, from Korea and Taiwan, where Confucian culture is deeply embedded, through China, with its transformations from Confucianism to communism and back, to the mixed cultural environments of Hong Kong and Japan, Is a Confucian cultural climate hostile to gender equality in families and public decision-making? What is the impact of gender equality legislation in East Asia? Approaches to these welfare regimes have ignored gender, while gendered accounts of welfare have neglected East Asia. Comparisons with Western welfare states show strong economies with life expectancy in Japan and South Korea above those of Western social democracies but in contrast there are extremely large gender gaps in employment, earning, unpaid work and parliamentary representation and conjoined with this low fertility rates and and minimal public social spending on childcare and early education. In this volume, contributors address questions about gender equality in a Confucian context across a wide and varied social policy landscape, from Korea and Taiwan, where Confucian culture is deeply embedded, through China, with its transformations from Confucianism to communism and back, to the mixed cultural environments of Hong Kong and Japan. Overall, the collections asks: Has East Asia's rapid economic transformation been accompanied by social and cultural transformation?

Purpose
This study aims to understand what primary relationship problem mechanisms can exist in the franchise channel and how exchange partners respond to them. This study demonstrates how the franchisor's relationship problem mechanisms (threat, contract enforcement) affect the franchisee's negative active responses (venting, threatened withdrawal).


Design/methodology/approach
This study tested hypotheses through multiple regression analysis using data from 200 franchisees in Korea-based food franchise systems.


Findings
The results indicated that threat increases venting and threatened withdrawal, while contract enforcement only increases venting. Venting increases threatened withdrawal. In addition, the results indicated that the franchisor's behavior monitoring positively moderates the relationship between relationship problem mechanisms and negative active responses.


Originality/value
This study helps strategically manage responses to relationship problems by categorizing 'relationship problem mechanisms' into intentional relationship problem mechanisms based on communication (threat) and unintentional relationship problem mechanisms based on action (contract enforcement). This study finds that both relationship problem mechanisms, intentional or unintentional, eventually cause threatened withdrawal directly or indirectly. Even if the threat is merely communication, not action, it is more likely to cause relationship dissolution than contract enforcement by directly triggering any negative active response. This study also finds that behavior monitoring can affect exchange partners through interaction with other management mechanisms rather than directly affecting them.

This article examines American Artist's installation "Sandy Speaks," a chatbot inspired by Sandra Bland's media activism, as an analytical connective point to pathways of Black technological critique and histories of Black digitality and care. First connecting the work to its predigital antecedent The Negro Green Book, the article then argues that the typical aspirations of chatbot to approximate the human is disavowed in "Sandy Speaks," enacting a Black technological critique of the human itself. Moreover, departing from celebratory discourses of Black technological innovation, the chatbot's low AI instantiates what the author calls a politics of technological refusal—a praxis of deliberate technological limitation as critique. This article asks what might happen when we seek potentialities of Black praxis in the slow, broken, old, technological forms, not as remedy, but as theory, critique, and an undoing of the recuperation of technological innovation as most legible mode of recognition.

AbstractThis article seeks to unpack the gendered dynamic of transit migration through a case study of North Korean women escapees in China. Drawing on the notion of situated agency, which implies that agency is a kind of social embedding, this paper analysed 30 interview narratives of North Korean women to capture the structural factors that shape their risky journeys and precarious lives in transit. The content analysis reveals key gendered dimensions of transit migration. The feminized marketization in North Korea caused a dramatic increase in the outflow of women to China. The border‐crossing and deportation experiences of female escapees are precipitated by a complicated smuggling and trafficking industry. Despite their hyper‐precarious lifeworlds in the transit country, these women show varying degrees of resilience and resourcefulness that enable them to move on to their next steps of life. The findings broaden our understanding on the meaning of gendered mobility in transit migration shaped by the deterrent border regime.