The Islamic Republic of Iran is a country completely different from all countries in the world in all aspects. Understanding Iran must be with Iran's own social sciences. Descriptive and analytical methods, as well as a collection of information via the internet and libraries in this paper, analyze the existence of social sciences in Iran, the development process and face of social sciences in contemporary Iran. This paper identified; A). The ancient Persian civilization was familiar with the concept of social sciences. B). the communist school of thought and movement had been a part of life in the government of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlevi. Keywords; Social Science, Iran, Culture, Philosophy, Islam.
Background: hypertension is an illness that is chronic but it often does not prescribe characteristic symptom. Health pertaining to life style often is one factor for someone hypertension disease. The 140 mmHg in systolic and the diastolic fixed or lower than the 90 mmHg. The aspect of the quality of life of social relationships that not capable of interact, good to the family, friend, couple, the son of even the surrounding community will increase the risk of hypertension. In general would hold up progress on a decrease in the quality of life of. Research objectives: research aims to understand the quality of life of social relationship in patients hypertension in the Puskesmas Pajang Surakarta. Benefits: can know whether in the region of Puskesmas Pajang Surakarta. The image of improving the quality of social relationships is good, enough or is weak. Research methodology: Descriptive quantitative research to obtain a simple life the quality of life of social relationships in sufferer hypertension in the Puskemas Pajang Surakarta. The sample is elderly disease sufferers are hypertension is the Puskesmas Pajang Surakarta and were selected based on criteria sample. A measuring instrument used for measuring the quality of social relationships using 5 WHOQOL-BREF the questionnaire who are domain 3 on the quality of social relations and other 2 studies about the quality of life of thoroughly and health have generally. The results of the study: statistical analysis obtained the results, from 48 respondents there ere 25 respondents (52,1%) having the quality of life of social relationship good, respondents who have the quality of relationships social enough of 22 respondents (45,8%) and respondents who have the quality of life of social relationships less of 1 respondents (2,1%). A conclusion: it should also be noted it is anticipated that analysis of the research done by the city government concludes that the aspect of the quality of life of the social relationship on sufferer hypertension in the region of the Puskesmas Pajang Surakarta yields here of either.
This study aims to analyze the level of youth participation in community forest (HKm) management, analyze the driving forces and restraining forces of youth participation in community forest management and formulate strategies for increasing youth participation in community forest management. The data obtained were identified and reviewed in the form of a frequency table of Arnstein's degree of involvement, then analyzed descriptively by the Forces Field Analysis and Focus Group Discussion methods. The results showed the level of youth participation was at the degree of non-participation, with a percentage of 71.43%. The factors that encourage youth participation consist of the group facilitator, group meetings, work plan documents, assistance from various parties, the formation of the Social Forestry Business Group (KUPS), and the desire of youth to participate. The factors that inhibit youth participation consist of: lack of youth knowledge in managing community forest, not yet implementing work boundary arrangement activities, youth are not involved in the process of making work plans, and community forest implementation is still carried out individually, the farming experience is still lacking, lack of group capital makes the price of raw materials unstable. An appropriate strategy for increasing youth participation in the management of community forest consists of Conducting meetings involving facilitator, farmer groups and youth to discuss the implementation of management activities (planning, implementation & evaluation) of the community forest-conduct socialization and meetings regarding the contents of the community forest documents that have been made. Make internal group rules regarding product sales prices. Enhance the role of KUPS and conduct training for KUPS administrators to increase their capacity. Youth participate in various types of training conducted by government and non-government organizations (NGOs).
As the priority forestry development programs in Indonesia in recent years, Social Forestry policies (SF) and Forest Management Units (FMU or KPH) still indicate low performance. The SF program in particular, is dependent on the role of the KPH as an institution in realizing its expected goals. Using the theory of bureaucratic politics, this article presents the implementation of the SF program under the KPH system and how both programs can mutually support or inhibit the development of the other. The research was conducted using policy content analysis in the implementation of SF and KPH programs by applying interview methods, questionnaires and field observations that are presented both qualitatively and descriptively. We find that the development of SF cannot be separated from the role of the KPH bureaucracy due to the absence of bureaucratic institutions at the site level. SF sites are located in KPH working areas and perform a central role in all aspects of SF management. However, SF programs are not clearly stated as one of the main tasks and functions of KPHs and the existence of KPH interests in realizing independence without special budget allocations for the development of SF are obstacles to its implementation. KPH also still face regulatory issues that have not fully supported KPH operations resulting in weak institutions and independence to governing hierarchies due to the strong influence of the bureaucracy at the central and provincial levels. On the other hand, the SF program is still perceived as a rival of KPHs in forest management areas and further suffer from rigid regulations that are difficult to apply, making it challenging for SF to support the objectives of KPH programming. Under these conditions, KPH tend to limit SF schemes, thus privileging specific different forestry partnership schemes that are anticipated to support the independence of the KPH.
One of the causes of global climate change is the increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. Trees have a role to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) through photosynthesis, which result is carbohydrate that is stored in form of biomass that contains carbon. City forest of government offices is one of areas to grow trees. Diameter of breast height was measured to find out the potential of biomass and carbon storage of trees in the city forest in the office of Governor of South Sulawesi. This measurement is conducted using census method that measured standing trees with minimum DBH of 5 cm. The results found that there are 193.71 trees per hecto are with Biomass potency is 1,436.84 tonnes which the average of biomass is 0.97 tonnes for each tree, and Carbon storage is 718.42 tonnes with the average of carbon storage is 0.49 tonnes for every tree
Introduction: Dengue fever is a disease that is transmitted by vectors. The intermediary vector for dengue fever transmission is the Aedes Aegepty mosquito. Dengue fever cases occur in almost all districts in Indonesia, including the Sragen regency. From 2016 to 2019, the incidence of dengue fever was higher than the previous year. This unusual condition needs to be further monitored and studied. This study's purpose was to map the prevalence of dengue fever in the Sragen regency.Methods: A retrospective research design was performed using secondary data provided by the regency health office and the Central Bureau of statistics from the government of Sragen regency. A free and open-source software, namely Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS), was utilized to produce maps and spatial figures. The results of this study are presented by map and prevalence.Results: The incidence of dengue fever in the Sragen regency in 2017-2019 fluctuated between 15.83 per 100,000 population and 33.54 per 100,000 population. The dengue fever case in Gemolong district is the highest in 2018 and 2019.Conclusion: The conclusion for this research is mapping the dengue fever prevalence helping to figure up the spatial pattern of the disease in Sragen regency.
Abstract This study aims to assess the welfare indicators and to determine the welfare of community at community plantation forest areas. This study was conducted in December 2014 to January 2015, in community plantation forest areas Tampaning Hamlet, Patampanua Village, Marioriawa Subdistrict, Soppeng District. Data collected through observation, documentation and interview (questionnaire). Analysis method used is the analysis of revenue and analysis of cost to determine the amount of income of people in the use of forest products, and the qualitative descriptive analysis that explains the level of welfare were based on eight indicators from Central Agency of Statistics, which includes income, household consumption, state of residence, residence facility, the health of family members, accessibility to health, accessibility to education, and transport services. The results showed that public's netto revenue by the use of non-timber forest products such as nuts, cocoa, sugar, honey, and livestock are Rp. 470.689.000/person/year and in average is 15.689.633/ person/year. The level of welfare at income indicator are criteria of high, household consumption with criteria of moderate, state of residence in the form of semi-permanent categories, residential facilities with criteria of sufficient, the health of family members with criteria of sufficient, accessibility to health with category of easy, accessibility to education with category of sufficient, and transport services with category of sufficient. Based on the accumulation of eight indicators of wellfare that have been previously studied, the welfare level of community in Tampaning Hamlet is in category of sufficient. The level of welfare in the area of community plantation forest (HTR) is increased if timber forest products can be managed immediately. Allowing timber logging in the area that have not been issued by the local government can help communities to solve the issues related to welfare.
Land use conflict's visibility assessments are often reserved to descriptive reports in their measurement of a conflict depth. The existing literature has limited the ability to measure the degree of the conflict visibility. In light of this deficiency, we establish a technique to measure the degree of both latent and manifest conflicts using the actor-centered framing. This heuristics approach is focused on the gradation of interaction between conflicted actors by juxtaposing state and local community actors in defending their interest. We measure how state actors deploy policy instruments, mobilizing resources and interventions, and vice versa observing local actors that seek to internalize their issues and interests and getting public attention by building alliances and advocacy. This paper proposes a novel framework for exploring what is implied by latent and manifest tensions between local community and land use government institutions in greater depth. Practitioners will be able to get a better understanding of the conflict visibility, and to develop suitable intervention in conflict in order to reach a manageable situation. This paper also generates possible hypotheses for future research by examining how actors develop and utilize policy instruments for their interest in managing land use conflict. • Juxtaposing powerless and dominant actors. • The gradation points of latent and manifest in conflict visibility continuum. • Actors' tendencies toward the conflict
