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Policies that address post-war displacement often reflect temporal linearity as transitional periods during which they are developed imply a shift from one situation to another. These policies obscure complexities experienced by local communities for whom displacement is ongoing and interminable. This essay applies Sri Lanka's National Policy on Durable Solutions for Conflict-Affected Displacement (NPDSCAD) to the case of Northern Muslims who were expelled from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 1990 and have lived in prolonged displacement for over 25 years. For these Muslims, return-remain is an oscillation and not an either/or option. Using "frames of recognition" to analyze policy documents and data from fieldwork, the paper critically unpacks the category of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – the displacement-related frame applied to the Northern Muslims – to reveal the multiple subject positions respondents navigate in presenting their own stance to this category. Calling for recognition of the circumstances of their displacement, the respondents' footing to the IDP frame holds in it both needs-based and justice-based discourses and demands that Northern Muslims be recognized as political subjects. Return-remain is complicated by issues respondents face as they travel between their current home in Puttalam and origins in the North. The paper concludes that while the Northern Muslims are denied full recognition by the NPDSCAD, their complex experiences continue to contest the frames deployed by the policy. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

Policies that address post-war displacement often reflect temporal linearity as transitional periods during which they are developed imply a shift from one situation to another. These policies obscure complexities experienced by local communities for whom displacement is ongoing and interminable. This essay applies Sri Lanka's National Policy on Durable Solutions for Conflict-Affected Displacement (NPDSCAD) to the case of Northern Muslims who were expelled from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 1990 and have lived in prolonged displacement for over 25 years. For these Muslims, return-remain is an oscillation and not an either/or option. Using "frames of recognition" to analyze policy documents and data from fieldwork, the paper critically unpacks the category of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – the displacement-related frame applied to the Northern Muslims – to reveal the multiple subject positions respondents navigate in presenting their own stance to this category. Calling for recognition of the circumstances of their displacement, the respondents' footing to the IDP frame holds in it both needs-based and justice-based discourses and demands that Northern Muslims be recognized as political subjects. Return-remain is complicated by issues respondents face as they travel between their current home in Puttalam and origins in the North. The paper concludes that while the Northern Muslims are denied full recognition by the NPDSCAD, their complex experiences continue to contest the frames deployed by the policy.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.

The Pluralistic Memories Project (PMP) has been funded in 2014 for a period of 6 years. Through a mixed methodology, PMP gathered personal memories of events related to past conflicts that happened in Burundi, Palestine and Sri Lanka, three former colonies that have been struggling with violent civil conflicts.

PMP aims to document the diversity of memories about these past conflicts, to examine the processes through which war narratives become official or fall into oblivion, and to support local researchers who study collective memories in conflict-torn societies.

The project brings together Burundian, Sri Lankan, Palestinian, Swiss and other international researchers from different scientific disciplines who are guided by a common question: Can the preservation of a plurality of living memories make communities more resilient in face of the exploitation of yesterday's trauma by tomorrow's warmongers?

PMP data is of multiple type. First, PMP conducted approximately 180+ semi-directive interviews. These interviews were done in the field by local PMP researchers that all shared a common thematic and methodology. Most of these interviews were then transcribed, anonymized, translated into english and documented. In Sri Lanka and Palestine, PMP also gathered data through two quantitative surveys (+ 2 pilots) that were conducted in the field. Particular attention was made to find representative samples that could reflect the diversity of memories. A last, PMP did 2 web surveys in Burundi, that were focused on the Burundian diaspora (so people of Burundi that live, or lived, outside Burundi).

Most of the anonymized data that was gathered by PMP is now available here under various licenses (depending on the sensitiveness of the data and the level of consent of participants). Actually, most of PMP data could still be sensitive in some contexts or for some uses. This more sensitive data is only available after the acceptance of a research project proposed by the requester.