Suchergebnisse

The article studies the contribution of philosophy to the formation of political unity and the civic identity of ancient society. Ancient philosophy used to construct civic identity, consistently justifying it with physics, morality, and the concept of the best form of government. Initially, this construction was based on cosmocentric natural philosophy. The crisis of the Polis led to criticism of this concept by sophists and the development of the concept of civic duty of patriotism as a political category. Civic identity and patriotism in the eyes of these thinkers presuppose a political choice. The ancient experience of identity construction is connected with the appeal to science and rational argumentation. Modern identity theories often appeal to non-rationalist arguments, including nationalist ones. However, the concept of "national identity" is too ambiguous. State identity, based on national, historical, and cultural traditions, will constantly face the risk of alienating some people. The ancient experience of constructing civil unity by means of rational argumentation can be considered as a historical tradition, which "constitutional patriotism" needs to justify the modern version of civil identity.

This paper touches upon the issue of philosophical reflexion as one of the leading themes in modern ontology, epistemology and praxiology. In the center of scientific and research attention is the phenomenon of philosoph-ical reflexion, its origins in ancient science, its further study in the works of P. de Chardin, thinkers of the classi-cal school and representatives of analytical philosophy. The authors have identified the ontological bases of the phenomenon under consideration: the focus on cognition and the purpose of this kind of activity, the need for self-analysis and self-knowledge, and the formation of a holistic and critical worldview. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that reflexion and philosophical reflexion have a number of similar features: thus, the former is characterized as a generalized representation with an emotional and value component, and the latter as a form of human intellectual activity aimed at self-reflection and self-knowledge. As a practical example of reflexion actualization, the authors turned to the pedagogical sphere, which reflects the interaction between teachers and students in order to improve the quality and level of the educational process on the part of its active subjects.

The paper is focused on the examination of the topological problematics of the reflexion phenomenon in the context of understanding the transcendental and existential models of its consideration. Some features of the reflexion topos are highlighted based on the historical-philosophical and hermeneutic analysis. It is shown that in the development of the classical tradition of understanding reflection, the ideas of metaphysics as a special sphere of knowledge of the absolute are born, which determines the primacy of reflection in relation to sensory cognition. The reflexion topos is located in the sphere of the subject's speculation. In the tradition of forming ideas about transcendental reflection, the idea of the significance of the transcendental Other comes to the fore, moving the reflection topos beyond the limits of consciousness. The property of "mirroring" and transcen-dentality emphasizes the dualistic nature of reflection, the actualization of the spiritual and rational principles in the subject's reflective experience. The intersubjective character of the reflexion topos in I. Kant's philosophical ideas is outlined. Based on the philosophical views of M. Bakhtin, the specifics of the topos of the existential model of reflexion are revealed, where the Other is a multivalued subject for whom the reflexive-communicative act is an existential event. The existential reflexion topos is not initially set, is mobile, unstable, and is conditioned by the intensity of value interaction between personal principles. In conclusion, a vector for a deeper understanding of the topological problems of reflection in the context of existential consideration is giv-en.

Introduction. The activities of the penitentiary justice bodies in the USSR remain practically unexplored. Meanwhile, they were an important element of the mechanism of the Soviet state. The purpose of this article is to highlight the stages and determine the model of functioning of the penitentiary justice bodies. Methods and materials. The source base included unpublished documents stored in the funds of the Ministry of Justice, the Prosecutor's Office, the Supreme Court of the USSR and the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The fund of the Penitentiary Court of Chelyabinsk region, which is stored in the United State Archives of Chelyabinsk region, was also used in the study. When writing the article, the following methods were used: historical-genetic, archivalheuristic, source study, method of classification, method of historical description. Analysis. During 1946–1956 more than 200,000 people have been convicted by the penitentiary courts. The bulk of the cases (60%) were: cases of escape, refusal to work and self-harm, theft of state and public property, banditry, theft of personal property, hooliganism, robbery and plunder, and premeditated murder. The remaining 40% of cases were formed by the socalled "other" crimes. These included cases of counter-revolutionary crimes, crimes of security officers (military crimes), labor crimes, etc. During 1944–1956 among those convicted by penitentiary courts, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of prison staff and a systematic increase in the proportion of prisoners. Until the early 1950s formal performance indicators of penitentiary courts were lower than those of the people's, regional, line courts and military tribunals. Penitentiary justice was dependent on the leadership of the penitentiary institutions. When considering cases, "simplification" was allowed: cases were considered in batches, in absentia. Results. Three stages of activity of bodies of penitentiary justice are highlighted: 1945–1947; 1948–1950; 1951–1954/1956. The model of activity of the penitentiary justice can be defined as "campanian justice".

The article presents an analysis of socio-humanitarian concepts dedicated to the notion of "identity", particularly its regional identity. The author defines that currently, interdisciplinarity and a pluralistic methodological approach (methodological flexibility) determine the increased interest of representatives of social-humanitarian knowledge in the theory of identity. The article also analyzes the inherent potential of the phenomenon of identity in historical research. Based on representative source material, the author demonstrates the fruitful scientific potential of the constructivist theory, which allowed him to present a wide range of scientific studies of identity. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the strive for preservation and promotion of regional identities is a topical issue in modern society. It is noted that the state can contribute to the development of regional identity, support the creation of cultural centers, organization of festivals, exhibitions, and other events that contribute to the popularization and attraction of attention to the unique characteristics of each region, in other words, implement an identity politics.

One of the urgent problems of modern humanitarian knowledge is the implementation of a holistic and critical analysis of ecological philosophy and philosophy of ecology as directions of philosophical cognition in the un-derstanding of environmental problems characterizing various models of the relationship between man and nature. Considering these directions of scientific knowledge, we establish that they differ not only in the subject of cognition, but also in the models of interaction: the first one studies ecological theories and concepts, in the center of which are evolutionary processes of nature and society, and the second one studies ontological and axiological aspects characterizing the sustainability of human and nature development in accordance with hu-manistic attitudes, opposing negative scenarios of future development of mankind. Due to the spread of neo-humanism and transhumanism, special perspectives of noosphere, eco-culture, and post-apocalyptic scenari-os in general are being formed. The general interest of these directions is conditioned by the study of the archi-tectonics of ecological being as the most important basis of ecological civilization of the present and future in the context of sustainable development.

The main objective of this article is to consider the concept of "will to power" by F. Nietzsche as a non-classical ontology of the post-metaphysical plan. The subject of philosophical understanding of the ontological nature of the phenomenon of power is revealed. The key aspects of F. Nietzsche's philosophy are investigated: the will to life as the will to power, criticism of Christian religion and morality, the search for new values, the idea of su-perman. The German philosopher was one of the first to speak about the weakness and worthlessness of a man who raised the "world of ideas" above the world of reality. Nietzsche insists that humanity, in principle, has no specific goal, a person needs to learn to educate himself, to elevate himself, thereby elevating society. Con-clusion dwells upon the fact that power represents a new ontological dimension that defines human existence. According to Nietzsche, this will be the guideline for solving the problem of human integrity. The author comes to the conclusion that the personification of the highest metaphysics in Nietzsche is the superman, he is the "meaning of the earth". Therefore, the will to power appears as a new ontological reality.

The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that in the modern world there is a clear distinction between law and non-law. The study of R. Stammler's works reveals a new variant of approach to this issue. The aim of the study is to analyze the classical theory of natural law and the theory of "revived law" of Rudolf Stammler. In the domestic literature there are practically no works on the legal doctrine of the thinker, which makes the pre-sent study valuable for modern science. R. Stammler created a formula of the legal ideal, which is based on the evaluation of right or wrong conclusions. The approach to law developed by the thinker can be called neo-Kantian, as it reinterprets the philosopher's ideas concerning natural law. In addition, it seems to be systematic for the development of this direction in science. It is emphasized that the R. Stammler's concept can be used in lawmaking of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. The paper gives the analysis of the development of Bacon's views on the problem of the interrelations between science and the state power. Theoretical analysis. The initial period of this development was linked to Bacon's attempts of obtaining privileged position in the court circles during Elizabethan reign. In his treatises and speeches of 1580-90s Bacon started a propagandist campaign for the reform of science: in order to create the most effective tool of increasing its power and glory the crown had to realize the futility of scholasticism and the fraud of alchemical enterprises and to support the efforts of the researchers in improving technologies and discovering the laws of nature. This instrumentalist perspective however gained little support in governmental circles, first of all because of Bacon's sharp criticism of alchemical projects in which the most influential court men were engaged. The next stage of the development of Bacon's ideas started in early 1600s. In his treatises Bacon combined his attacks on alchemy etc. with an ethical & theological doctrine of the values of scientific research. During his spectacular career at Jacobean court Bacon exposed his doctrine to self-censure in order not to offend the monarch whose patronage he had successfully gained. However during his retirement he began a further work at this doctrine and made it the basis for his utopian novel, "The New Atlantis". Conclusion. Baconian views on the interrelations between science and political power were shaped by his philosophical development as well as by his political experience that led his theories from administrative reformism to ethical analysis and further – to social criticism and utopianism.

The article discusses the prerequisites for the inclusion of an article on local government in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. The study shows that at the time there were no objective prerequisites for the formation of local government in Russia in a radical form of local government bodies operating outside from the system of state authorities. Such a scenario was not considered in public discourse up till 1993. It emerged reactively in the context of a political confrontation between the Supreme Soviet and the presidential government in 1993. Soviet officials, in charge of local administrations during the collapse of the Soviet system of power, were the political force interested in such a radical move. In exchange for political support, the presidential draft of the constitution included a clause stating that local authorities are not part of the system of public administration. After political struggles get resolved, the need for the institution of local government disappears. Similar cases in Russian history were also caused by situational political reasons. Hence it is possible to talk about cases of local government emergence in Russia as a special fluctuating political reality. There are limits to institutional methodology, which absolutizes the role of institutions in solving problems of social development.