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Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Anthropology -- What Is Anthropology? -- The Major Subfields of Anthropology -- Biological (or Physical) Anthropology -- Evolution -- Anthropological Linguistics -- Archaeology -- Cultural Anthropology -- Many Worlds -- Perspectives on Others -- Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism -- Words Matter -- Cultural Appropriation -- Anthropology as a Science -- Empirical Science -- Objective and Subjective Data -- The Western Scientific Method -- Nonempirical Science -- Why Study Anthropology? -- Chapter Summary -- 2 A Very Short History of cultural Anthropology -- On the Development of Western Scientific Thought -- A Natural Evolution -- The Emergence of Anthropology as a Discipline -- Unilinear Cultural Evolution -- Historical Particularism -- Functional/structuralism -- Diffusionism -- Multilinear Cultural Evolution -- Cultural Ecology -- Cultural Materialism -- Postmodernism -- Chapter Summary -- 3 Culture, Personality, and Worldview -- What Is Culture? -- What Is a Society? -- Functions of a Society -- Personality -- Perception and Cognition -- Elements of Personality -- What Is "Acceptable"? -- Worldview -- Cosmology -- Chapter Summary -- 4 Doing Cultural Anthropology -- Anthropological Methods -- Fieldwork -- Participant Observation -- Preparation for Fieldwork -- Once in the Field -- After Fieldwork -- Differing Viewpoints -- Chapter Summary -- 5 Anthropological Linguistics -- Descriptive Linguistics -- Historical Linguistics -- Sociolinguistics -- Some Other Linguistic Elements -- Writing -- Chapter Summary -- 6 Social Organization -- Kinship -- Families and Households -- Figuring Relatives -- Figuring Descent -- Descent Groups -- The Major Kinship Systems -- Marriage -- The Functions of Marriage.

Anthropology -- A very short history of cultural anthropology -- Culture, personality, and worldview -- Doing cultural anthropology -- Anthropological linguistics -- Social organization -- Political organization -- Economic organization -- Identity -- Religion, ritual, and knowledge -- Expressive culture -- Change and development -- Applied anthropology.

The purpose of this paper is to document population movements by Numic peoples during the ethnohistoric period. That they appear to have been expanding at the time of historic contact all along their perimeter may reflect a continuation of a general expansion through the Great Basin which may have begun in antiquity (within the last millennia [cf. Lamb 1958]). Further, it appears that Numic populations of the ethnohistoric period (at least on their perimeter) were militarily aggressive and inclined to exploit their non-Numic neighbors. The fact that the Numic groups did not generally fight among themselves but were at war with virtually all their neighbors supports this contention. This territorial expansion appears to have predated the acquisition of the horse although horses were a very important factor in some of the expansions of Numic populations, especially the Comanche.

This book examines the costs involved in reducing ammonia emissions from agricultural practices as well as the potential benefits for climate change mitigation. It features contributions by experts in agricultural production processes, producers of agricultural equipment and service providers as well as scientists who assess the issue from an European perspective. Coverage examines all agricultural production stages starting from animal feed and housing, including the storage and application of liquid and solid manure and of mineral fertilizer. In addition, the book looks at the relationshi

Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis

""Contents""; ""List of Illustrations""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""1. Introduction""; ""2. The Paleonutrition Data Base: Direct Data""; ""3. The Paleonutrition Data Base: Indirect Data""; ""4. Issues in the Recovery of Paleonutritional Data""; ""5. Interpretation and Integration""; ""6. Case Studies""; ""References""; ""Index""

The study of paleonutrition provides valuable insights into shifts and changes in human history. This is the most comprehensive book on the topic. Intended for students and professionals, it describes the nature of paleonutrition studies, reviews the history of research, discusses methodological issues in the reconstruction of prehistoric diets, presents theoretical frameworks frequently used in research, and showcases examples in which analyses have been successfully conducted on prehistoric individuals, groups, and populations. It offers an integrative approach to understanding state-of-the-art anthropological dietary, health, and nutritional assessments. The most recent and innovative methods used to reconstruct prehistoric diets are discussed, along with the major ways in which paleonutrition data are recovered, analyzed, and interpreted. The book includes five contemporary case studies that illustrate the mutually beneficial linkages between ethnography and archaeology.

This volume brings together extended reviews and papers of new scientific research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts globally. While there is a wealth of evidence on the magnitude, components and effects of nitrogen disposition on floral biodiversity in Europe and North America, there is an obvious lack of information on impacts on above- and below-ground fauna, and all impacts in other parts of the world, with no clear overview of how the different strands of evidence fit together. This overall synthesis is targeted at the international conventions, but is equally readable for scientists, environmental managers, conservation agencies and policy makers. 'This timely book highlights the global nitrogen deposition problem. Major regions of the world are exceeding sustainability thresholds for adverse effects on ecosystem function and biodiversity. This highlights the importance of ongoing work, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity, in developing indicators and monitoring nitrogen deposition effects to enable appropriate measures. This book presents a milestone towards this global goal as the international community works toward meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially Target 8: 'By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity'. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity "This key volume highlights the global challenge to reduce atmospheric nitrogen pollution resulting from energy production, transport and agricultural activities. It takes forward the agenda recently launched in the UNEP commissioned report 'Our Nutrient World". Dr. Anjan Datta, UNEP.

'Commentary' paper. Increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer have been used in agriculture during the last decades to boost food production for the increasing global human population. The marked increase in reactive nitrogen use has also contributed to severe nitrogen pollution and multiple impacts on human and ecosystems' health. Nitrogen is an important precursor to air pollution (e.g., fine particulate matter, near-surface ozone), water pollution (algal blooms, nitrate contamination), biodiversity loss (nitrogen deposition and eutrophication), soil acidification (ammonium fertilizer use), and global warming (nitrous oxide). Agricultural nitrogen pollution has decreased in some high-income countries, such as those in the European Union (EU), during the last decades, but the remaining nitrogen pollution still causes serious damage. The societal cost of nitrogen pollution by agriculture in the EU has been estimated to range from €35 to €230 billion per year and this cost appears to be greater than the farm profits from nitrogen fertilizer use, which range from €20 to €80 billion per year. Socioeconomic trade-offs between farmers and society need to be introduced to decrease nitrogen pollution.