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A stable and sound financial system plays a critical role in mediating funds from surplus units to investors, making it a prerequisite for economic development. Financial intermediaries have been vulnerable to adverse changes in the local and global economy and experienced frequent bubble-and-bust episodes historically. Analyses of financial crises reveal that the incentive created by neo-liberal financial principles is inconsistent with stable financial systems, and viable solutions require structuring institutions in a way that incentives are well aligned with the fundamental principles of financial systems. By drawing on the theoretical framework of the financial restraint model, this book analyses financial sectors' rents or bank rents and their effects on banks' performance and stability, and presents evidence on the relationship between rent and incentive through case studies of both developed and developing countries.

This book€critically evaluates the salient features of Japanese relation-based banking and the Anglo-American mode of banking to explain the nature and extent of transition failure that caused a€prolonged financial and economic slump in Japan. Taking an institutional perspective, it shows how the new institutional settings made the credit monitoring and supervision mechanisms ineffective letting the financial system become fragile due to both country specific characteristics and inherent limitations in the new institutional settings. In doing so, the book blends various theoretical perspectives and sheds light on Japan's informal institutions as well. The discussions are rich in analytical interpretation and empirical evidence, portraying a comprehensive picture of the traditional as well as the contemporary financial system in Japan. It concludes with a set of lessons to be learned from Japan's experience that will help future financial reforms elsewhere as well as in Japan.

The ongoing digital transformation is shaping the Islamic mode of financial intermediation and the impact on the faith-based financial mode has been multifaceted. This has raised a host of interesting questions: what is the degree of penetration of Islamic finance in the fintech industry? Are Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) or banks ready to embrace fintech? Is fintech an enabler or barrier to achieve the intended purpose of Islamic finance? Will technology narrow the division between Islamic and conventional finance in the future? These are existential questions for Islamic finance and the book endeavors to examine the impact of financial technology on the industry. The book assesses various fintech business models and how they could be a threat or an opportunity. It also examines whether fintech provides IFIs an edge to serve clients following the Shariah norms and how the adoption of fintech in the Islamic mode is required for meeting the maqasid Al Shariah. The book discusses applicability of fintech like blockchain, digital currency, big data, and AI to different branches of Islamic finance. This book will interest students, analysts, policymakers, and regulators who are working on Islamic finance, financial economics, Islamic economics, and development finance.

Georgia has been experiencing robust GDP growth since the Rose Revolution despite its formal financial system remaining critically underdeveloped. This goes against a strongly supported proposition that a country's economic development is followed by a welldeveloped and efficient financial system. In this paper we first explain the shallow financial deepening in Georgia and show that the economic growth in Georgia has been driven by such determinants as public spending and construction works mainly supported by foreign debt and FDI inflow. This paper further argues that prolonged civil conflict is one of the critical obstacles toward financial development in Georgia. Bank lending activity is associated with high level of uncertainty stemming from recurrent civil war. Newly privatized commercial banks are excessively cautious in expanding their loan assets to private non-financial corporations due mainly to the banks' inability to precisely assess borrower's risk involving not only with individual financial soundness but also with political uncertainty.

Georgia has been experiencing robust GDP growth since the Rose Revolution despite its formal financial system remaining critically underdeveloped. This goes against a strongly supported proposition that a country's economic development is followed by a well-developed and efficient financial system. In this paper we first explain the shallow financial deepening in Georgia and show that the economic growth in Georgia has been driven by such determinants as public spending and construction works mainly supported by foreign debt and FDI inflow. This paper further argues that prolonged civil conflict is one of the critical obstacles toward financial development in Georgia. Bank lending activity is associated with high level of uncertainty stemming from recurrent civil war. Newly privatized commercial banks are excessively cautious in expanding their loan assets to private non-financial corporations due mainly to the banks' inability to precisely assess borrower's risk involving not only with individual financial soundness but also with political uncertainty. [Copyright The Regents of the University of California; published by Elsevier Ltd.]

Introduction -- Chapter 1: BIS and the Basel Accord- Looking Back at History -- Chapter 2: Theoretical Discussion on Banking Business Model and Banking Regulations -- Chapter 3: Basel Accords Associated Institutions in Bangladesh -- Chapter 4: External Credit Ratings Agencies Incentive and Liability in Exposure Rating -- Chapter 5: Sub-ordinated Debt: A Skeptical Component of Regulatory Capital -- Chapter 6: Cases of Bank Distress and Role of the Central Bank -- Chapter 7: The Building Blocks to Design Robust and Effective Capital Regulation -- Conclusion.

Poverty should be defined, measured, and scrutinized its root causes from a multi-dimension perspectives. Therefore, in designing and implementation of poverty alleviation program, it should consider economic factors, social and political contexts surrounding the poor. Sen (1982; 1999) views poverty as a multifaceted world and ethical dimension essentially should be placed underpinning it as a vital economic problem. The paper takes the stance that the poor themselves have potential capacity to alleviate their condition in resolving poverty trap. Community development program is one of the strategies to deal with the poverty problem. Islamic microfinance can play an important role in combating poverty dilemma especially in Muslim majority population communities. Through the approach proposed by Bigg and Satterthwaite (2005) with strengthening local organizations and community development programs, Islamic microfinance should engage a strategic partnership with the Masjid and Islamic charity institutions (zakat and waqf organization). This strategic alliance will result more integrated programs and also capacity building of the institutions involved. This paper aims to contribute a grass root model in the purpose of combating poverty in the framework of Islamic economic system. =========================================== Kemiskinan harus didefinisikan, diukur, dan diteliti akar penyebabnya dari berbagai perspektif. Oleh karena itu, dalam merancang dan mengimplementasikan program pengentasan kemiskinan, faktor-faktor ekonomi, konteks sosial dan politik yang mengelilingi kemiskinan juga harus dipertimbangkan. Sen (1982; 1999) memandang kemiskinan sebagai sebuah dunia yang kompleks, dan dimensi dasar etika harus ditempatkan sebagai sebuah masalah ekonomi yang vital. Peneliti sendiri dalam hal ini berpandangan bahwa orang-orang miskin pada dasarnya punya kapasitas yang memadai untuk keluar dari garis kemiskinan. Salah satunya adalah dengan program pengembangan masyarakat yang merupakan satu strategi dalam pengentasan ...

Dedication -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Editors and Contributors -- List of Boxes -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Understanding Growth and Sustainability in the APR -- Towards a Common Future -- Problems on Their Way: Challenges -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Part II: China: How Dragon Creates a New Paradigm of Development -- Chapter 2: China's 'New Normal': Explaining China's Economic Development from Institutional and Marxian Perspectives -- Introduction -- The NIE Versus Marxian Views on China's Economic Transformation -- The NIE View -- The Egalitarian View -- The Way Forward -- How Innovative Is the Chinese Economy? -- Enlarging the Inequality -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 3: Opening Up and Unbalanced Development in the Chinese Regions: Theoretical Thinking and Some Empirical Evidence -- Introduction -- A Theoretical Model -- Discussions and Empirical Results -- Concluding Remarks -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 4: The "Belt and Road" Initiative and Economic Integration -- Introduction -- The Nature of the B&R Initiative -- The B&R Initiative and Infrastructure Investment -- The Two Silk Roads -- China's Experience and Track Record -- The Financing of High-speed Railway -- The B&R Initiative and Foreign Trade -- Time, Distance, and Transport Cost -- Preferential Trade Treatment -- The Pure Import Case -- The Strategic Case -- The Intra-industry Trade Case -- The B&R Initiative and the Local Economy -- The Initiative and Macroeconomics -- The Initiative and Economic Growth -- Concluding Remarks -- Appendix -- References -- Part III: India: Elephant Rises at Last -- Chapter 5: Is India Key to Asian Financial Integration? -- Introduction -- Regional Integration Trends -- India and Asian Financial Integration: An Analysis