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Importance of risk & uncertainty in present period of dynamic changes grows. The article deals with risk & uncertainty in strategic decision making. First the concepts of risk & uncertainty & possibilities of their measurement are discussed. Further shortcomings of strategic decision making from the point of view risk integration are described. The emphasis is on discussion of decision making methods under risk & uncertainty (including decision tables, scenarios, Monte Carlo simulation, real options, decision trees, multicriteria utility function under risk, theory of games & methods of portfolio development) as supporting tools for strategic decision making. In the last part of the article some recommendations for integration of risk & uncertainty in strategic decision making based on scenario approach are suggested. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

Successful place-based leadership is based on functional networks, dialogue among stakeholders, political support and funding, and sharing power. The EU-funded Integrated Urban Development Plans (IUDPs) require the participation of citizens and local nonprofit organizations. When creating an opportunity for informal leadership, it is not clear whether the informal leadership fills the position of formal political leadership. On the data from the implementation of several IUDPs in the Czech Republic, we tested whether formal leadership becomes dispersed and informal place leadership fills the vacuum instead. Our research did not find differences in the change of civic political engagement at the local level related to the success and failure of the IUDPs strategies. Local civic engagement and nonprofit leadership are challenging formal local political leadership. Nevertheless, their success is limited as there is also missing dialogue among the local movements and nonprofit leaders when finding solutions to particular local problems.

Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland with a capacity of about 90.2 Mt/a, generate 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). This solid residue contains minerals and metals, whereas metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. The work at hand provides an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation in the investigated countries and highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the leaching content are defined. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test are in place. An analysis of the weighting of each parameter relative to the totally generated IBA is expressed by a relevance level. The analysis indicates for leaching parameters average relevance levels of 36 wt.% and for total content parameters average relevance levels of 17 wt.%. This means for a significantly larger share of the entire generated IBA leaching parameters are more to be considered compared to total content parameters. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. It was found that 18% of all defined leaching limit values for utilisation match exactly the limit values for landfills for inert waste, 19% are stricter and therefore 63% of the values are less strict than the leaching limit values for landfills for inert waste. The overall utilisation rate is approximately 53 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.

Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland with a capacity of about 90.2 Mt/a, generate 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). This solid residue contains minerals and metals, whereas metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. The work at hand provides an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation in the investigated countries and highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the leaching content are defined. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test are in place. An analysis of the weighting of each parameter relative to the totally generated IBA is expressed by a relevance level. The analysis indicates for leaching parameters average relevance levels of 36 wt.% and for total content parameters average relevance levels of 17 wt.%. This means for a significantly larger share of the entire generated IBA leaching parameters are more to be considered compared to total content parameters. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. It was found that 18% of all defined leaching limit values for utilisation match exactly the limit values for landfills for inert waste, 19% are stricter and therefore 63% of the values are less strict than the leaching limit values for landfills for inert waste. The overall utilisation rate is approximately 53 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.