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Abstract: Many scholars who study letters, drama, and literature from late medieval and early modern England focus on political and social content, but recently linguists study this material using linguistics. For example, Melissa Mohr's work on cursing has opened up new avenues of study. As useful as this is, it only takes up a small slice of English life and the usage of swear words. My research into the letters of elite and gentry men and women such as the Cely and Paston families, reveals how language both establishes social solidarity and disrupts it. I ask why these words were said, question who can say them, and ultimately see if using swear words caused and social disruption within English society. My work uses qualitative analysis of the letters to examine how the correspondents use blasphemy, phrases such as how "God", "by God's bones," "God knows," and more, to express such things as emotion and social standing. I use sociological theories of power relative to religious and social status in the formation of social scripts to better understand the nuances of languages of power. Looking at the use of swear words matters because it adds demotion to people's lives and reveals continuity of protected speech. PART OF SESSION 4D. ORDER AND DISORDER Comment: Bradley Franco, University of PortlandChair: Steven Garfinkle, Western Washington University Petra Ellerby, Western Washington University, undergraduate student"May the Grass Grow Long: Hierarchy and Destruction in Ancient Mesopotamian Lamentation" Zion G. Flores, Eastern Washington University, undergraduate student"Practical Anarchism: The Makhnovist Movement in the Ukraine, 1917–1921" Gabrielle Goodwin, University of Idaho, undergraduate student"Changes in the Relationship Between the Horus and Seth: Set-tling the Score" Mary Sweeney, Seattle University, undergraduate student"Cursing in Medieval England: 'By God's Bones' and Other Obscenities and Expletives"

Background. Controversy surrounding the addition of fluoride to water has prevailed in public discourse for the past ~ 20 years but recently an anti-fluoride stance has been gaining more traction in the Republic of Ireland undoubtedly assisted by social media with an ever increasing number of local authorities voting to ban the practice of adding fluoride to the water supply. No previous research has examined fluoridation policy and practices across the EU. The aim of this review was to examine water fluoridation policy and practices across the EU to explore how they had come about and what they are based on. Methods. The Office's with responsibility for fluoridation policy in all 28 EU members were contacted, seeking information on fluoridation policy and practice. Responses were then grouped into common categories by country. Results. Ireland and the UK are the only EU member states currently adding fluoride to water at a whole population level. Some regions in Spain are also fluoridated. None of the other 25 member states had a specific policy on fluoridation and none add fluoride to water currently, although some had in the past. Some policy makers said fluoride was not added because of naturally high levels arising from volcanic regions, presence in other foodstuffs or alternative sources such as tablets and toothpaste were advised. No policy maker contacted could cite evidence of harm except at exceptionally high doses. The rationale for not adding/discontinuing fluoridation of water was cited by some as resistance from anti-fluoride lobby groups, concerns about mass medication, concerns about it being unethical and unecological. Discussion. it appears that countries across Europe discontinued the practice of water fluoridation for a variety of reasons but none of them were due to evidence of harmful or adverse effects. Conclusion. There is no evidence that any country ceased adding fluoride because of evidence of harm. Politicians/elected representatives should act on evidence before advocating for the ...

Path analysis of neighborhood and metropolitan survey data suggest that communication contributed to commitment to remain in a neighborhood or metropolitan community via a process of belief and attitude formation. When controlling for length of residence and other social characteristics, communication variables contributed to belief and attitude formation about the area, but attitudes were a better predictor of intention to stay in a neighborhood than they were of intention to remain in the metro area.

We considered two basic questions, 'Is it possible to implement Social Health Insurance in Ireland?', and 'How can this be done?'. Can Social Health Insurance be implemented in Ireland? Our answer is a very definite yes. Furthermore, there would be many opportunities, while working towards this end, to improve the performance of our health care system. How can it be implemented? This process will need to be actively managed. There are many difficulties in the Irish health services, but also many opportunities. The greatest strengths are the talented, well-trained and very committed staff. Getting and keeping the support of these staff, for the necessary changes in service delivery, will be critical. Ireland has the capacity to make these changes, but without high quality management, a detailed focussed plan for change, and political support, little will happen. Each step in the change needs to be planned to maintain services, improve service delivery, improve service accountability, and improve service governance. Each sector of the service will need someone to lead the change, and mind that service during the change. Primary care remains under-developed. The HSE plan to develop primary care teams (PCT) has not succeeded. There are several established PCTs which work well. In other areas there are informal arrangements for collaboration, which work well. Overall, there are many useful lessons to learn from the experience so far. Future developments will need to place general practice at the centre of primary care. The mechanisms for doing this will vary from place to place, but need to be developed urgently. Acute hospitals face a crisis of governance. Maurice Hayes' (1) recent report on Tallaght hospital gives an idea of the scale of the changes needed. Tallaght is, we believe, not atypical, and is reputed to be by no means the worst governed hospital in the system. This, alone, should provide a pressing motive for change. Redesigning Irish hospitals to a new mission of supporting primary care, of supporting ...

International audience ; The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.

International audience ; The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.

International audience The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.

International audience ; The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.

The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults. ; This study was funded by the European Parliament and managed by the European Union, DGSANCO, [Ref.: SANCO/2014/C2/035]. The Italian Ministry of Health projects "Osservatorio Italiano per il monitoraggio dei disturbi dello spettro autistico" (Fasc. 1S49) and 'I disturbi dello spettro autistico: attività previste dal decreto ministeriale del 30.12.2016′ (Fasc. 2S57) granted the contribution of the Italian data. ; Sí

The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated the knowledge and health service experiences of users and providers to generate new hypotheses and scientific investigations that would contribute to improvement in health care for autistic adults. An online survey designed for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services was translated into 11 languages and distributed electronically by organizations and in-country adult service facilities in 2017; 522 autistic adults, 442 carers, and 113 professionals provided answers to the health questions. Professionals, the majority in non-medical services, appeared to be poorly informed about whether certain co-occurring conditions were more frequent in autistic adults than typical adults-especially some medical conditions, suicide attempts, accidents, and pain. A minority of autistic adults reported preventive health behaviors such as routine health check-ups. The majority of users and providers expressed the desire to make health care services more user-friendly for autistic adults. Among the three groups, <20% of responders knew an organization or clinician which has developed a way to monitor health, and prevent poor health, that works well for adults on the autism spectrum. The results point to means for better management of co-occurring conditions associated with autism in adulthood in order to reduce hospital admissions and potential areas of improvement in health and social services for autistic adults. Specifically, efforts should be focused on (1) professionals' education on risks for co-occurring conditions in autistic adults; (2) promoting preventive health behaviors; (3) making services user-friendly for autistic adults and their families; and (4) encouraging knowledge of good local services. ; This study was funded by the European Parliament and managed by the European Union, DGSANTE [Ref.: SANCO/2014/C2/035]. The Italian Ministry of Health projects Osservatorio Italiano per il monitoraggio dei disturbi dello spettro autistico (Fasc. 1S49) and I disturbi dello spettro autistico: attività previste dal decreto ministeriale del 30.12.2016 (Fasc. 2S57) granted the contribution of the Italian data. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated the knowledge and health service experiences of users and providers to generate new hypotheses and scientific investigations that would contribute to improvement in health care for autistic adults. An online survey designed for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services was translated into 11 languages and distributed electronically by organizations and in-country adult service facilities in 2017; 522 autistic adults, 442 carers, and 113 professionals provided answers to the health questions. Professionals, the majority in non-medical services, appeared to be poorly informed about whether certain co-occurring conditions were more frequent in autistic adults than typical adults-especially some medical conditions, suicide attempts, accidents, and pain. A minority of autistic adults reported preventive health behaviors such as routine health check-ups. The majority of users and providers expressed the desire to make health care services more user-friendly for autistic adults. Among the three groups, <20% of responders knew an organization or clinician which has developed a way to monitor health, and prevent poor health, that works well for adults on the autism spectrum. The results point to means for better management of co-occurring conditions associated with autism in adulthood in order to reduce hospital admissions and potential areas of improvement in health and social services for autistic adults. Specifically, efforts should be focused on (1) professionals' education on risks for co-occurring conditions in autistic adults; (2) promoting preventive health behaviors; (3) making services user-friendly for autistic adults and their families; and (4) encouraging knowledge of good local services. ; This study was funded by the European Parliament and managed by the European Union, DGSANTE [Ref.: SANCO/2014/C2/035]. The Italian Ministry of Health projects Osservatorio Italiano per il monitoraggio ...

Research providing an evidence-base for autistic adult services is sparse. The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) network implemented an on-line survey to determine gaps in autistic adult diagnostic evaluation and postdiagnostic support services. More than 55% in all groups experienced most of the recommended features for diagnostic evaluation for autistic adults. In contrast, < 2% of adults or carers, and < 21% of professionals experienced each of the recommended features for post-diagnostic support. In contrast to 61% of professionals, only about 30% of autistic adults and carers had knowledge of good local services models for autism diagnosis in adulthood. There are major differences between good practice guidelines for diagnostic and post-diagnostic care for autistic adults, and what is actually experienced by services users and professionals. ; g This study was funded by the European Parliament and managed by the European Union, DGSANCO, [Ref.: SANCO/2014/ C2/035]. The Italian Ministry of Health projects 'Osservatorio Italiano per il monitoraggio dei disturbi dello spettro autistico' (Fasc. 1S49) and 'I disturbi dello spettro autistico: attività previste dal decreto ministeriale del 30.12.2016' (Fasc. 2S57) granted the contribution of the Italian data. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.