Suchergebnisse

There were two significant milestones in the lives of Central and Eastern European countries. One was the political, social and economic change of regime during which the former centralized system was demolished. The other was the accession to the European Union, which provided an opportunity for this macro region for convergence as well as a social, economic and regional cohesion in Europe. Both of them had a significant effect on the development policy of the countries, thus that of Hungary as well. The exclusivity of the top-down policy ceased. Nevertheless, due to the learning of democratic patterns, the lack of balance in political power and the lack of funds a kind of reflection period was characteristic of the development policy the result of which was a kind of mixture of top-down and bottom-up policy. By joining the European Union clear external rules and mechanisms of action came into effect. Significant funds became accessible that strengthened the centralization and the top-down approach in the Hungarian development policy. The regional dimensions of the development endeavours appeared in many different ways in our country, but finally the regional formations that were suitable for serving the top-down development policy strengthened. The individual areas were affected miscellaneously by the regional dimension of the development tendencies. While funds were provided by the European Union for them, the bottom-up initiatives were not sufficiently welcomed. Such an area is in many ways that of Lake Balaton, which is homogeneous as far as tourism is concerned but administratively, thus from the perspective of development policy, it is split. Due to the top-down approach as well as the strengthening of the bureaucratic development policy the role of this area in the development policy is fading. This can later have a negative effect on the valuable, unique character of the region.

The efficacy of transdermal absorption of drugs and the irritation or corrosion potential of topically applied formulations are important areas of investigation in pharmaceutical, military and cosmetic research. The aim of the present experiments is to test the role of P-glycoprotein in dermal drug delivery in various ex vivo and in vitro platforms, including a novel microchip technology developed by Pázmány Péter Catholic University. A further question is whether the freezing of excised skin and age have any influence on P-glycoprotein-mediated dermal drug absorption. Two P-glycoprotein substrate model drugs (quinidine and erythromycin) were investigated via topical administration in diffusion cells, a skin-on-a-chip device and transdermal microdialysis in rat skin. The transdermal absorption of both model drugs was reduced by P-glycoprotein inhibition, and both aging and freezing increased the permeability of the tissues. Based on our findings, it is concluded that the process of freezing leads to reduced function of efflux transporters, and increases the porosity of skin. P-glycoprotein has an absorptive orientation in the skin, and topical inhibitors can modify its action. The defensive role of the skin seems to be diminished in aged individuals, partly due to reduced thickness of the dermis. The novel microfluidic microchip seems to be an appropriate tool to investigate dermal drug delivery.