Suchergebnisse

Current forestry laws and regulations are not applicable to woody energy plantations. The cultivation technology used in these plantations differs from ones used in conventional forest management; thereby, specific legislation to regulate cultivation in woody energy plantations is required. Hungary passed its first regulations for woody energy plantations in 2007. The legislation addressed permitting, range of plantable species, planting procedures, cultivation, and plantation harvesting. The legislation overregulated coppice technology and only targeted roundwood energy plantation. The legislation does not mandate forest site surveys and its related expert opinions despite their importance in plantation establishment, particularly regarding tree species selection. The latest legislation, which improves earlier deficiencies and prescribes planting-execution plans for all plantations, came into effect 2017. Another important change is the industrial purpose categorization of woody plantations, which appeared beside coppice and roundwood energy plantations. In addition to raw material production, this type of plantation also increases the carbon sequestration of agriculture. The availability of financial resources heavily influenced plantation area size and planting intensity over the years. Investigating plantation tendencies provides an opportunity to identify forms of support that play an important role in creating the conditions for rational land use. Our research presents the effects these changes in legislation and financial support have had on energy plantations.

Intro -- Preface -- Proposer -- Contents -- Climate Research and Climate Modelling -- Introduction -- References -- The Future of Earth's Climate After Paris -- 1 Current State of the Climate -- 2 Future Warming and Impacts of Climate Change -- 3 The Run-up to Paris -- 4 The Paris Agreement -- References -- Lessons from Earth's Deep Past: Climate Change and Ocean Acidification 200 Million Years Ago -- 1 Past and Present Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Biodiversity Crises -- 2 The Earth 200 Million Years Ago -- 2.1 Biodiversity Crisis and Global Warming at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 2.2 Carbon Cycle Perturbation at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 2.3 Ocean Acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 3 The Triassic-Jurassic Boundary in Hungary -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Global and Regional Climate Change, Extreme Events -- 1 Global Warming -- 2 Regional Climate Change -- 3 Regional Temperature Extremes -- 4 Regional Precipitation Extremes -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Effect of a Solar Eclipse: What Happens, When the Solar Radiation Changes? -- 1 When Solar Radiation Changes -- 1.1 Ice Ages, Glacial, Interglacial Periods -- 1.2 Sunspot Cycles, Clouds, Climate -- 1.3 Volcanic Aerosols in the Atmosphere -- 1.4 Global Dimming -- 2 Solar Eclipse and Environment -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- How Can GIS Support the Climate Protection? -- 1 Introduction: What Is GIS? -- 2 Some New GIS Data Capture and Storage Methods -- 3 GIS Data Analysis for Climate Protection -- 4 GIS Visualizations -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Contribution of Satellite Observations to Climate Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Forcing Factors -- 3 Changes in Climate Series -- 3.1 Atmospheric Variables -- 3.2 Oceans, Cryosphere -- 4 Validation of Climate Models -- 4.1 Simulation of the Recent Climate Variations.