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Mikhail Katkov (1818–1887), a leading Russian political journalist, began his career as a liberal fascinated by German philosophy, especially the views of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. At that time, he represented a moderate pro-Polish attitude. After the outbreak of the January Uprising in 1863, on the pages of Moskowskije Wiedomosti, which he edited, he promoted the Russian state's viewpoint in favour of the monarchy and full dimension of the Russian Empire's state integrity, which led to his conservative position.

THE MITAU CONDITIONS AND THE ATTEMPT TO LIMIT AUTOCRACY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE EARLY 1730Tsarist autocracy is specific to Russia's absolute power, in which the tsar's position was su­perior and fully sovereign. In January of 1730 after the death of the last member of Romanov's dynasty, Tsar Peter II of Russia, the dignitaries sitting at the Supreme Privy Council decided to vest the Russian's throne to amember of the female line of this family — the Duchess of Courland, Anna Ivanovna. However, several political conditions were implemented, significantly reducing the scope of the imperial power. Their content was set out within so called "Mitau Conditions", which after acceptance was to become asui generis constitutional document for the Russian Empire's subjects. The resistance of conservative nobles gathered in Moscow caused acomplete fiasco of this initiative.

The article is devoted to the Council of State (Gosudarstvenny soviet) of the Russian Empire. The author presents an evolution of the state authority. Over the years of its operation it played the role of institution that advised the emperor on the legislative matters. A very important moment in the history of this institution was 1906, when the authority became the upper house of the Russian parliament. In this article the author presents the structure of the State Council and its staff composition, including participation of Poles and Lithuanians in its work.

The article deals with the legal aspects of the use of artificial intelligence technology. The authors emphasise a low level of normative regulations which concern the use of artificial intelligence in Russia, taking into account the active and widespread application of this technology in various spheres of life. Developments in the field of artificial intelligence raise very serious ethical and legal issues. Among legal issues, such as the nature of artificial intelligence, the existence of a legal personality, the problem of liability for damage caused by artificial intelligence, the impact on the legal profession, etc., need to be considered. Particular attention is paid to the need to develop a legal concept of artificial intelligence in order to build an effective model of legal regulation. The article analyzes the attempts to define artificial intelligence in specialist and legal literature. The use of such concepts as neural networks, machine learning, super intelligence, supercomputers is underlined. Single attempts to develop legal definitions in South Korea and the European Union are also mentioned. Following the results of the research, the authors proposed the following features of artificial intelligence: the existence of a technical device or cyberphysical system; ability to receive, process and transfer information; ability to work autonomously; self-learning based on the analysis of information and experience; self-awareness; thinking and the ability to make independent decisions. ; В статье рассматриваются юридические аспекты использования технологии искусственного интеллекта. Авторами отмечается слабое нормативное регулирование применения искусственного интеллекта в России с учетом активного и повсеместного внедрения данной технологии в различных сферах жизни. Разработки в сфере искусственного интеллекта поднимают очень серьезные вопросы этического и правового порядка. Среди юридических вопросов требуют решения такие как природа искусственного интеллекта, наличие правосубъектности, проблема ответственности за вред, причиненный искусственным интеллектом, влияние на юридическую профессию и т.п. Особое внимание в работе уделено необходимости выработки юридического понятия искусственного интеллекта в целях построения эффективной модели правового регулирования. В статье анализируются подходы к определению искусственного интеллекта в специальной и юридической литературе. Отмечается использование таких понятий как нейронные сети, машинное обучение, сверхразум, суперкомпьютеры. Отдельно упоминаются попытки легальных определений в Южной Корее и Европейском союзе. По итогам исследования авторами предложены следующие признаки искусственного интеллекта: наличие технического устройства или киберфизической системы; способность к принятию, обработке и передаче информации; способность к автономной работе; самобучение на основе анализа информации и приобретенного опыта; самосознание; мышление и способность к принятию самостоятельных решений.

The article deals with some issues of the state power restriction, and the necessity of this is justified. The evolution of state power restriction certain criteria and forms are analyzed in accordance with the emergence of relevant ideas and scientific concepts and their chronology: the restriction of power by another power, self-restraint of state power; the restriction of state power by the law and human rights in connection with the contemporary problems of state power restrictions in a state governed by the rule of law.