Suchergebnisse

The aim of the article is to analyse unemployment as one of the causes of unregistered employment in Poland. For this purpose literature review and analysis of statistical data were undertaken. Difficulties with defining unregistered employment and shadow economy were discussed as the starting point. In the study, the scale of unregis-tered employment in Poland within 2010–2016 was presented on the basis of Statistics Poland and Schneider's estimates, putting the emphasis on the diversity of the measure-ment methods used. The opinions on the causes of unregistered employment, situation on the labour market and devotion of actors on the labour market were also analysed, based on the results of the module surveys of the Labour Force Survey, studies of Public Opinion Research Center and the special edition of Eurobarometer. The results of the study show that the scope of unregistered employment decreases with declining scale of unemployment, but only until human resources deplete, taking up activity in the shadow economy due to problems with finding a job.

The paper examines the links between the consciousness of sustainable consumption (CSC) and middle-income class affiliation. It contributes to two contemporarily important issues, namely sustainable consumption and the role of the middle-income class in sustainable development from the perspective of the economic processes in a post-socialist state. Considering consumption as the determinant for socioeconomic stratification, it is assumed that sustainable consumption consciousness is positively related to income-class affiliation. In the present study, two econometric models, namely logit models, were estimated regarding differences between objective and subjective middle-income class affiliations. The study is based on data collected in the middle-income class in Poland in 2021. The results of the study showed that the probability of sustainable consumption consciousness is higher when individuals classify themselves as lower middle-income class based on their cognitive frame, not knowing what the income thresholds for the income classes in Poland are. It means that subjective evaluation of one's material position matters for sustainable consumption consciousness more than objective class belonging. As economic policy recommendations, it is suggested that educational programs be designed to inform people about income class thresholds to avoid devaluation of their income situation as well as dedicated actions to develop discernment about sustainable consumption behaviors.

The diversity of the labour market in the Visegrad Group countries is presented in the article from an institutional perspective. Institutions such as different tax and transfer policies, employment protection legislation, or active and passive labour market policies can affect not only the effectiveness of the economy from a macro perspective, but they can also be crucial in determining the system of rules and incentives for earning money. The institutional conditions of the labour market directly affect the behaviour of labour market participants, their incomes, and therefore income inequalities. To asses and compare the situation between the Visegrad group countries, a synthetic measure of labour market institutions is calculated. A taxonomic analysis is done to group the V4 countries against other selected European Union countries, which enables the assessment and comparison of similarities and differences across the Visegrad countries. Finally, the trade-offs between a synthetic measure of labour market institutions and income inequalities are analysed. The Pearson correlation coefficient and, additionally, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient are applied. The analysis is done for 2016, as it was the most recent data available while writing the article. The results from such an analysis can help to answer the question of the state's role in limiting income inequalities through labour market institutions and to identify the policies which are the most effective in this field.

The diversity of the labour market in the Visegrad Group countries is presented in the article from an institutional perspective. Institutions such as different tax and transfer policies, employment protection legislation, or active and passive labour market policies can affect not only the effectiveness of the economy from a macro perspective, but they can also be crucial in determining the system of rules and incentives for earning money. The institutional conditions of the labour market directly affect the behaviour of labour market participants, their incomes, and therefore income inequalities. To asses and compare the situation between the Visegrad group countries, a synthetic measure of labour market institutions is calculated. A taxonomic analysis is done to group the V4 countries against other selected European Union countries, which enables the assessment and comparison of similarities and differences across the Visegrad countries. Finally, the trade-offs between a synthetic measure of labour market institutions and income inequalities are analysed. The Pearson correlation coefficient and, additionally, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient are applied. The analysis is done for 2016, as it was the most recent data available while writing the article. The results from such an analysis can help to answer the question of the state's role in limiting income inequalities through labour market institutions and to identify the policies which are the most effective in this field. ; W artykule przedstawiono różnorodność rynku pracy w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej z perspektywy ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Instytucje takie jak: regulacje w zakresie podatków i transferów, przepisy dotyczące ochrony zatrudnienia lub aktywna i pasywna polityka rynku pracy mogą wpływać nie tylko na efektywność gospodarki z perspektywy makroekonomicznej, ale również odgrywać kluczową rolę w określaniu systemu zasad i zachęt do zarabiania pieniędzy. W tej perspektywie warunki instytucjonalne rynku pracy bezpośrednio wpływają na zachowanie uczestników rynku pracy, ich dochody, a tym samym nierówności dochodowe. W celu dokonania oceny i porównania sytuacji między krajami Grupy Wyszehradzkiej, obliczono syntetyczną miarę instytucji rynku pracy. Ponadto przeprowadzono analizę taksonomiczną, w efekcie której pogrupowano kraje V4 względem wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Takie działanie umożliwiło ocenę i porównanie podobieństw i różnic między krajami wyszehradzkimi. Finalnie podjęto próbę identyfikacji i oceny związków między syntetyczną miarą instytucji rynku pracy a nierównościami dochodowymi. Zastosowano współczynnik korelacji Pearsona i dodatkowo współczynnik korelacji rang Spearmana. Wyniki analizy są próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę państwa w ograniczaniu nierówności dochodowych za pomocą instytucji rynku pracy i pomagają zidentyfikować te działania, które są najbardziej skuteczne w analizowanej dziedzinie.

The diversity of the labour market in the Visegrad Group countries is presented in the article from an institutional perspective. Institutions such as different tax and transfer policies, employment protection legislation, or active and passive labour market policies can affect not only the effectiveness of the economy from a macro perspective, but they can also be crucial in determining the system of rules and incentives for earning money. The institutional conditions of the labour market directly affect the behaviour of labour market participants, their incomes, and therefore income inequalities. To asses and compare the situation between the Visegrad group countries, a synthetic measure of labour market institutions is calculated. A taxonomic analysis is done to group the V4 countries against other selected European Union countries, which enables the assessment and comparison of similarities and differences across the Visegrad countries. Finally, the trade-offs between a synthetic measure of labour market institutions and income inequalities are analysed. The Pearson correlation coefficient and, additionally, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient are applied. The analysis is done for 2016, as it was the most recent data available while writing the article. The results from such an analysis can help to answer the question of the state's role in limiting income inequalities through labour market institutions and to identify the policies which are the most effective in this field. ; W artykule przedstawiono różnorodność rynku pracy w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej z perspektywy ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Instytucje takie jak: regulacje w zakresie podatków i transferów, przepisy dotyczące ochrony zatrudnienia lub aktywna i pasywna polityka rynku pracy mogą wpływać nie tylko na efektywność gospodarki z perspektywy makroekonomicznej, ale również odgrywać kluczową rolę w określaniu systemu zasad i zachęt do zarabiania pieniędzy. W tej perspektywie warunki instytucjonalne rynku pracy bezpośrednio wpływają na zachowanie uczestników rynku pracy, ich dochody, a tym samym nierówności dochodowe. W celu dokonania oceny i porównania sytuacji między krajami Grupy Wyszehradzkiej, obliczono syntetyczną miarę instytucji rynku pracy. Ponadto przeprowadzono analizę taksonomiczną, w efekcie której pogrupowano kraje V4 względem wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Takie działanie umożliwiło ocenę i porównanie podobieństw i różnic między krajami wyszehradzkimi. Finalnie podjęto próbę identyfikacji i oceny związków między syntetyczną miarą instytucji rynku pracy a nierównościami dochodowymi. Zastosowano współczynnik korelacji Pearsona i dodatkowo współczynnik korelacji rang Spearmana. Wyniki analizy są próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę państwa w ograniczaniu nierówności dochodowych za pomocą instytucji rynku pracy i pomagają zidentyfikować te działania, które są najbardziej skuteczne w analizowanej dziedzinie.

Motivation: Labour market institutions are currently considered as the basic condition for high level of economic development. Decreasing income inequalities on contrary are among the main objectives of macroeconomic policy in the European Union (Europe 2020 Strategy), because unequal distribution may result in lower growth and development rates. The research done in the article is consisted with the institutional theory (D.C. North's interpretation).Aim: The main aim of the article is to analyse the relations between labour market institutions and income inequalities. There is also an attempt to answer the question if rigid labour market institutions reduce income inequality in European countries. This article provides a taxonomic analysis of labour market institutions in the EU countries. Data from Eurostat, World Bank, Fraser Institute, OECD are used. The article covers selected years: 2010 and 2016.Results: The countries were grouped according to the level of labour market institutions and in regard to income inequalities. The differences between the members of the groups were analysed between 2010 and 2016. Article ends with conclusions connected with rules shaping decisions on the labour market as well as relations between inequalities and institutions.

Motivation: Labour market institutions are currently considered as the basic condition for high level of economic development. Decreasing income inequalities on contrary are among the main objectives of macroeconomic policy in the European Union (Europe 2020 Strategy), because unequal distribution may result in lower growth and development rates. The research done in the article is consisted with the institutional theory (D.C. North's interpretation).Aim: The main aim of the article is to analyse the relations between labour market institutions and income inequalities. There is also an attempt to answer the question if rigid labour market institutions reduce income inequality in European countries. This article provides a taxonomic analysis of labour market institutions in the EU countries. Data from Eurostat, World Bank, Fraser Institute, OECD are used. The article covers selected years: 2010 and 2016.Results: The countries were grouped according to the level of labour market institutions and in regard to income inequalities. The differences between the members of the groups were analysed between 2010 and 2016. Article ends with conclusions connected with rules shaping decisions on the labour market as well as relations between inequalities and institutions.