Suchergebnisse

Oparty na źródłach archiwalnych artykuł poświęcony jest Amerykaninowi Allanowi Charlesowi Elgartowi, który w połowie lat sześćdziesiątych XX w. postanowił studiować reżyserię filmową w kraju zza "żelaznej kurtyny".

p. 75-102 ; Abstract in Polish and English. ; Kachyňa's "Smugglers of Death", first screened in Polish cinemas in 1960, was considered by critics as one of the top achievements of Czechoslovak film-making. Their focus, however, was on the entertainment and technical aspects of the work (treating it as a successful, ambitious genre film), glossing over its genesis, ideological content and political message. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, "Smugglers of Death", along with such pictures as "Romeo, Juliet and Darkness" by Jiří Weiss and "Invention for Destruction" by Karel Zeman, became one of the most highly rated and most extensively discussed Czechoslovak films in the Polish press. Yet in the meantime, Polish film critics (who gave surprisingly low ratings to "Hic Sunt Leones" by Václav Krška and "At the Terminus" by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos) overlooked or downplayed the importance of the "thaw-era" pictures produced by the Czechoslovak First Wave, which burst the socialist realism straitjacket and experimented with new language and contemporary topics in the late 1950s. ; s. 75-102 ; Abstrakt w języku polskim i angielskim. ; Wprowadzony do dystrybucji w polskich kinach w 1960 r. film Karela Kachyni "Przez zieloną granicę" krytycy potraktowali jako czołowe dokonanie kinematografii czechosłowackiej. Skupiali się jednak na walorach rozrywkowych i rzemieślniczych dzieła (traktując je jako udany film gatunkowy z ambicjami), zupełnie zaś pomijali milczeniem jego genezę i zawartość ideologiczną oraz wydźwięk polityczny. "Przez zieloną granicę" stało się na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych – obok m.in. "Romea, Julii i ciemności" Jiříego Weissa oraz "Diabelskiego wynalazku" Karela Zemana – jednym z najwyżej ocenianych oraz najobszerniej omawianych w polskiej prasie filmów czechosłowackich. W tym samym czasie jednak polska krytyka (zaskakująco nisko oceniając np. "Tu są lwy" Václava Krški czy "Przystanek na peryferiach" Jána Kadára i Elmara Klosa) przegapiła lub zbagatelizowała znaczenie "odwilżowych" filmów Pierwszej Fali, które w końcu lat pięćdziesiątych zrywały w Czechosłowacji z socrealistycznym schematyzmem oraz próbowały nowego języka i współczesnej tematyki.

Wprowadzony do dystrybucji w polskich kinach w 1960 r. film Karela Kachyni Przez zieloną granicę krytycy potraktowali jako czołowe dokonanie kinematografii czechosłowackiej. Skupiali się jednak na walorach rozrywkowych i rzemieślniczych dzieła (traktując je jako udany film gatunkowy z ambicjami), zupełnie zaś pomijali milczeniem jego genezę i zawartość ideologiczną oraz wydźwięk polityczny. Przez zieloną granicę stało się na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych – obok m.in. Romea, Julii i ciemności Jiříego Weissa oraz Diabelskiego wynalazku Karela Zemana – jednym z najwyżej ocenianych oraz najobszerniej omawianych w polskiej prasie filmów czechosłowackich. W tym samym czasie jednak polska krytyka (zaskakująco nisko oceniając np. Tu są lwy Václava Krški czy Przystanek na peryferiach Jána Kadára i Elmara Klosa) przegapiła lub zbagatelizowała znaczenie "odwilżowych" filmów Pierwszej Fali, które w końcu lat pięćdziesiątych zrywały w Czechosłowacji z socrealistycznym schematyzmem oraz próbowały nowego języka i współczesnej tematyki. Kachyňa's Smugglers of Death, first screened in Polish cinemas in 1960, was considered by critics as one of the top achievements of Czechoslovak film-making. Their focus, however, was on the entertainment and technical aspects of the work (treating it as a successful, ambitious genre film), glossing over its genesis, ideological content and political message. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Smugglers of Death, along with such pictures as Romeo, Juliet and Darkness by Jiří Weiss and Invention for Destruction by Karel Zeman, became one of the most highly rated and most extensively discussed Czechoslovak films in the Polish press. Yet in the meantime, Polish film critics (who gave surprisingly low ratings to Hic Sunt Leones by Václav Krška and At the Terminus by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos) overlooked or downplayed the importance of the "thaw-era" pictures produced by the Czechoslovak First Wave, which burst the socialist realism straitjacket and experimented with new language and contemporary topics in the late 1950s. ; Wprowadzony do dystrybucji w polskich kinach w 1960 r. film Karela Kachyni Przez zieloną granicę krytycy potraktowali jako czołowe dokonanie kinematografii czechosłowackiej. Skupiali się jednak na walorach rozrywkowych i rzemieślniczych dzieła (traktując je jako udany film gatunkowy z ambicjami), zupełnie zaś pomijali milczeniem jego genezę i zawartość ideologiczną oraz wydźwięk polityczny. Przez zieloną granicę stało się na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych – obok m.in. Romea, Julii i ciemności Jiříego Weissa oraz Diabelskiego wynalazku Karela Zemana – jednym z najwyżej ocenianych oraz najobszerniej omawianych w polskiej prasie filmów czechosłowackich. W tym samym czasie jednak polska krytyka (zaskakująco nisko oceniając np. Tu są lwy Václava Krški czy Przystanek na peryferiach Jána Kadára i Elmara Klosa) przegapiła lub zbagatelizowała znaczenie "odwilżowych" filmów Pierwszej Fali, które w końcu lat pięćdziesiątych zrywały w Czechosłowacji z socrealistycznym schematyzmem oraz próbowały nowego języka i współczesnej tematyki. Kachyňa's Smugglers of Death, first screened in Polish cinemas in 1960, was considered by critics as one of the top achievements of Czechoslovak film-making. Their focus, however, was on the entertainment and technical aspects of the work (treating it as a successful, ambitious genre film), glossing over its genesis, ideological content and political message. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Smugglers of Death, along with such pictures as Romeo, Juliet and Darkness by Jiří Weiss and Invention for Destruction by Karel Zeman, became one of the most highly rated and most extensively discussed Czechoslovak films in the Polish press. Yet in the meantime, Polish film critics (who gave surprisingly low ratings to Hic Sunt Leones by Václav Krška and At the Terminus by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos) overlooked or downplayed the importance of the "thaw-era" pictures produced by the Czechoslovak First Wave, which burst the socialist realism straitjacket and experimented with new language and contemporary topics in the late 1950s.

Wprowadzony do dystrybucji w polskich kinach w 1960 r. film Karela Kachyni Przez zieloną granicę krytycy potraktowali jako czołowe dokonanie kinematografii czechosłowackiej. Skupiali się jednak na walorach rozrywkowych i rzemieślniczych dzieła (traktując je jako udany film gatunkowy z ambicjami), zupełnie zaś pomijali milczeniem jego genezę i zawartość ideologiczną oraz wydźwięk polityczny. Przez zieloną granicę stało się na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych – obok m.in. Romea, Julii i ciemności Jiříego Weissa oraz Diabelskiego wynalazku Karela Zemana – jednym z najwyżej ocenianych oraz najobszerniej omawianych w polskiej prasie filmów czechosłowackich. W tym samym czasie jednak polska krytyka (zaskakująco nisko oceniając np. Tu są lwy Václava Krški czy Przystanek na peryferiach Jána Kadára i Elmara Klosa) przegapiła lub zbagatelizowała znaczenie "odwilżowych" filmów Pierwszej Fali, które w końcu lat pięćdziesiątych zrywały w Czechosłowacji z socrealistycznym schematyzmem oraz próbowały nowego języka i współczesnej tematyki. Kachyňa's Smugglers of Death, first screened in Polish cinemas in 1960, was considered by critics as one of the top achievements of Czechoslovak film-making. Their focus, however, was on the entertainment and technical aspects of the work (treating it as a successful, ambitious genre film), glossing over its genesis, ideological content and political message. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Smugglers of Death, along with such pictures as Romeo, Juliet and Darkness by Jiří Weiss and Invention for Destruction by Karel Zeman, became one of the most highly rated and most extensively discussed Czechoslovak films in the Polish press. Yet in the meantime, Polish film critics (who gave surprisingly low ratings to Hic Sunt Leones by Václav Krška and At the Terminus by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos) overlooked or downplayed the importance of the "thaw-era" pictures produced by the Czechoslovak First Wave, which burst the socialist realism straitjacket and experimented with new language and contemporary topics in the late 1950s. ; Wprowadzony do dystrybucji w polskich kinach w 1960 r. film Karela Kachyni Przez zieloną granicę krytycy potraktowali jako czołowe dokonanie kinematografii czechosłowackiej. Skupiali się jednak na walorach rozrywkowych i rzemieślniczych dzieła (traktując je jako udany film gatunkowy z ambicjami), zupełnie zaś pomijali milczeniem jego genezę i zawartość ideologiczną oraz wydźwięk polityczny. Przez zieloną granicę stało się na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych – obok m.in. Romea, Julii i ciemności Jiříego Weissa oraz Diabelskiego wynalazku Karela Zemana – jednym z najwyżej ocenianych oraz najobszerniej omawianych w polskiej prasie filmów czechosłowackich. W tym samym czasie jednak polska krytyka (zaskakująco nisko oceniając np. Tu są lwy Václava Krški czy Przystanek na peryferiach Jána Kadára i Elmara Klosa) przegapiła lub zbagatelizowała znaczenie "odwilżowych" filmów Pierwszej Fali, które w końcu lat pięćdziesiątych zrywały w Czechosłowacji z socrealistycznym schematyzmem oraz próbowały nowego języka i współczesnej tematyki. Kachyňa's Smugglers of Death, first screened in Polish cinemas in 1960, was considered by critics as one of the top achievements of Czechoslovak film-making. Their focus, however, was on the entertainment and technical aspects of the work (treating it as a successful, ambitious genre film), glossing over its genesis, ideological content and political message. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Smugglers of Death, along with such pictures as Romeo, Juliet and Darkness by Jiří Weiss and Invention for Destruction by Karel Zeman, became one of the most highly rated and most extensively discussed Czechoslovak films in the Polish press. Yet in the meantime, Polish film critics (who gave surprisingly low ratings to Hic Sunt Leones by Václav Krška and At the Terminus by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos) overlooked or downplayed the importance of the "thaw-era" pictures produced by the Czechoslovak First Wave, which burst the socialist realism straitjacket and experimented with new language and contemporary topics in the late 1950s.

Degeneration of the Homosexual Phantasm in Normalised Czechoslovak Cinema: from Václav Krška's The False Prince (1956) to Stanislav Strnad's The Bronze Boys (1980)AbstractThe author – inspired by the notion of "phantasm" as proposed by Maria Janion, and using the concepts of, among others, German Ritz (the poetics of inexpressible homosexual desire and "complex of corporality"), Marc Ferro (film as a symptom revealing the "hidden side" of power and society) and Michel Foucault ("arrangement of sexuality") – examines the attitude of Czechoslovak cinema towards male nudity and sexuality in a broader context of socio-political history and filmmaking in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War.An analysis, centred on two films: the Labakan (The False Prince) by Václav Krška (1956), and Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad (1980), is to comparatively examine how homosexual phantasms were sublimated and transferred to the screen in two historical moments – in the second half of the fifties, i.e. when the country was going out of the Stalinist and socialist realism period, and at the turn of the eighties, that is in the middle of the period of normalization and the regime of Gustáv Husák. The main purpose of the analysis is to examine a symptomatic change in quality – called by Szymański as "degeneration" – of the way in which homosexual imaginations were disclosed and functioned in films, that reflected their appropriation, "reorientation" and exploitation by the totalitarian authorities.In the rich literary, dramatic and film achievements of Krška we find many homosexual "hidden signals" as well as clear connotations and indications, expressing themselves in, among other things, spectacularization and erotization of the male body, a peculiar construct of protagonists-outsiders, questioning of gender stereotypes, stylisation modelled on antiquity, oriental or expressionistic one, etc. Special place in his creativity is occupied by the Czechoslovak-Bulgarian film super-production titled Labakan (The False Prince), in which the adaptation of the fairy tale about a tailor's apprentice who wanted to take the place of the vizier's son became for the director a vehicle for his personal, author's commentary. The homosexual (homotextual) character of Krška's film reveals itself in its transgressive plot open to a "double reading", in its specific pansexuality and the "complex of male corporality", governed by the logic of covetous look, and in the paracamp aesthetic associated today with queer style. In Szymański's opinion, the materialization of homosexual phantasms on the screen offered both for the author and the spectators an area of freedom and "artistry of life": on the one hand it offered them shelter and was an escape from the oppressive cultural reality, on the other – it was becoming the means to contest and the practice of resistance to the heteronormative and totalitarian world.Whereas a barracks-sports farce titled Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad belongs to a bigger group of films which in this popular form were taking up the subject of exceptional and unique on the world scale events – Czechoslovak Spartakiads, with their most spectacular part in the form of mass gymnastic compositions performed at the Strahov Stadium in Prague. The fictional history of soldiers, who – overcoming their limitations and reverses of fortune, were preparing a composition of artistic gymnastics for the Spartakiads, was combined with documental shots of the real performing sports compositions at the Strahov in 1980. It inscribes into the normalized film "formats", that is the tested and "patented" stylistic and genre formulas used by the authorities as "soft" means of propaganda and indoctrination. The way in which Strnad presents military and sport homosocial relations, together with a domination in the film of the element of masculinity and the specific "complex of male corporality", imply some special interrelation between the erotisation of the male body, ideological directives, and political needs. What is more, according to Szymański, they also indicate that the purpose of the communist authorities was not only the "standard" creation and propagation of "appropriate" models of "real" masculinity, but also such shaping of male corporality and eroticism that they would support the existing political order instead of subverting it, and replicate the normalized "arrangement of sexuality".In this context the author looks closely at the Spartakiada's mass gymnastic exercises demon-strated by male gymnasts, and especially at the hugely popular shows performed by almost fourteen thousand of half-naked soldiers, which were an unprecedented in the communist public space celebration of male physicality and sensuality, characterised by special idealisation and aestheticisation, outstanding choreography and spectacular figures of the performers, erotic dialectics of clothes and nudity, and the condensation of tension which was gradually and sophisticatedly built.In these shows, the instrumentalisation of gender and eroticism, characteristic of Spartiakiads in general, was followed by the instrumentalisation of codes of homosexual look and desire, neutralisation of inversive connotations – were harnessed for the use of normalization.Homosexual phantasms which in the time of Krška could have been a stimulant of personal expression and practice of opposition, and at least an internal shelter and refuge, twenty years later were appropriated, manipulated and instrumentalised by the communist authorities, becoming part of their system normalizing procedures, a tool for ordering or "arranging sexuality" in accordance with political lines, and an instrument of self-totalitaring and self-harnessing actions. Дегенерация гомосексуального фантазма в нормализованном чехословацком кинематографе. От «Лабакана» Вацлава Кршки (1956) до «Парней из бронзы» Станислава Стрнада (1980) Аннотация Вдохновившись понятием «фантазма» в понимании Марии Янион, а также пользуясь концепциями, между прочим, Германа Ритца (поэтика невысказанного гомосексуального влечения и «комплекс телесности»), Марка Ферро (фильм как симптом, раскрывающий «тайную сторону» власти и общества) и Мишеля Фуко («диспозитив сексуальности») автор исследует отношение чехословацкого кинематографа к мужской наготе и сексуальности в более широком контексте социально-политической истории, а также чехословацкого кинематографического производства после Второй мировой войны.Анализ, сосредоточен на двух лентах: «Лабакан» Вацлава Кршки (1956) и «Парни из бронзы» Станислава Стрнада (1980). Он должен послужить сравнительному исследованию того, как были сублимированы и перенесены на экран гомосексуальные фантазмы в двух исторических моментах – во второй половине 1950-х гг., т.е. в период выхода из сталинизма и соцреализма, а также на рубеже 1970-х и 1980-х гг., т.е. в середине эпохи нормализации и функционирования режима Густава Гусака. Главной целью исследования является прослеживание симптоматичного качественного преобразования того, каким образом раскрываются и функционируют в кино гомосексуальные изображения (в определении Шиманского «дегенерации»). что отражает их присвоение, «перенаправление» и использование тоталитарной властью.В богатом литературном, театральном и кинематографическом творчестве Кршки мы находим многочисленные «тайные сигналы», а также отчетливые гомоэротические коннотации и подтексты, проявлявшиеся, между прочим, в спектакуляризации и эротизации мужского тела, своеобразной конструкции героев-аутсайдеров, опровержении половых стереотипов, антикизирующей, ориентальной или экспрессионистской итп. стилизации. В его творчестве особое место занимает чехословацко-болгарская суперпродукция «Лабакан» – адаптация романтической сказки о портном-подмастерье, мечтавшем занять место сына визира, ставшая для режиссера средством личного, авторского высказывания. В трансгрессивной, фабуле с возможным «двойным прочтением», в специфическом пансексуализме и «комплексе мужской телесности», которым правит логика жаждущего взгляда, а также в паракэмповой эстетике, ассоциирующейся сегодня с квирной стилистикой, проявляется гомосексуальный (гомотекстуальный) характер произведения Кршки. Согласно Шиманскому, материализация гомосексуальных фантазмов на экране создавала (как для художника, так и для потребителей картины) пространство свободы и «артизма жизни». С одной стороны она дарила им убежище и была средством ухода от угнетающей культурной действительности, а с другой – превращалась в выражение протеста и практикой сопротивления гетеронормативному и тоталитарному миру. Казарменно-спортивный фарс «Парни из бронзы», в свою очередь, принадлежит к более обширной группе произведений, затрагивавших в популярном киножанре тему мероприятий, исключительных в мировом масштабе – чехословацких спартакиад. Их самой зрелищной частью были массовые гимнастические показы, организовавшиеся каждые 5 лет на пражском Страговском стадионе. История воинской части, солдаты которой, побеждая собственные слабости и превратности судьбы, подготавливают спартакиядную гимнастическую комбинацию, смонтирована с документальными съемками настоящих показов на Страгове в 1980 году. Она вписывается в кинематографические «форматы» периода нормализации, то есть проверенные и «запатентованные» стилистико-жанровые формулы, которыми власти пользовались для «мягкой» пропаганды и индоктринации. Способ презентации Стрнадом армейских и спортивных гомообщественных отношений, а также доминирующая в картине стихия мужественности и связанный с ней специфический «комплекс телесности», указывают на своеобразную связь эротизации мужского тела с идеологическими директивами и политическими потребностями. Более того, согласно Шиманскому, они свидетельствуют и о том, что целью коммунистических властей было не только «стандартное» формирование и распространение «правильных» эталонов «настоящей» мужественности, но и такая обработка мужской телесности и эротики, чтобы они, вместо субверсивно подрывать существующий порядок, поддерживали его и воспроизводили нормализованный «диспозитив сексуальности».В этом контексте автор внимательнее присматривается к спартакиадным выступлениямгимнастов, особенно к пользующимся огромным успехом показам, в которых участвовало почти 14 000 полуобнаженных солдат. Они были беспрецедентным в коммунистическом общественном пространстве чествованием мужских телесности и чувственности, отличавшимся и особенными идеализацией эстетизацией, интересными хореографическими решениями и позами упражняющихся, эротической диалектикой прикрытия и обнаженности, а также изощренным сгущением драматического накала. В этих зрелищах, вслед за инструментализацией гендера и эротики, характерной для спартакиад в целом, пошла и инструментализация кодов гомосексуального взгляда и влечения, а также свойственного им воображариума, которые – после замены знаков местами и нейтрализации инверсионных коннотаций – использовались нормализационным правительством.Гомосексуальные фантазмы во времена Кршки могли еще служить стимулом для личной экспрессии и практикой сопротивления, или, хотя бы, внутренним убежищем и уходом. Двадцать лет спустя они оказались присвоены, сманипулированы и инструментализированы властью, превратившись в часть ее системных нормализирующих процедур, орудие «диспозитива сексуальности», соответствующего политическим требованиям, а также инструмент самототализирующих и укрощающих действий.

Degeneration of the Homosexual Phantasm in Normalised Czechoslovak Cinema: from Václav Krška's The False Prince (1956) to Stanislav Strnad's The Bronze Boys (1980)AbstractThe author – inspired by the notion of "phantasm" as proposed by Maria Janion, and using the concepts of, among others, German Ritz (the poetics of inexpressible homosexual desire and "complex of corporality"), Marc Ferro (film as a symptom revealing the "hidden side" of power and society) and Michel Foucault ("arrangement of sexuality") – examines the attitude of Czechoslovak cinema towards male nudity and sexuality in a broader context of socio-political history and filmmaking in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War.An analysis, centred on two films: the Labakan (The False Prince) by Václav Krška (1956), and Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad (1980), is to comparatively examine how homosexual phantasms were sublimated and transferred to the screen in two historical moments – in the second half of the fifties, i.e. when the country was going out of the Stalinist and socialist realism period, and at the turn of the eighties, that is in the middle of the period of normalization and the regime of Gustáv Husák. The main purpose of the analysis is to examine a symptomatic change in quality – called by Szymański as "degeneration" – of the way in which homosexual imaginations were disclosed and functioned in films, that reflected their appropriation, "reorientation" and exploitation by the totalitarian authorities.In the rich literary, dramatic and film achievements of Krška we find many homosexual "hidden signals" as well as clear connotations and indications, expressing themselves in, among other things, spectacularization and erotization of the male body, a peculiar construct of protagonists-outsiders, questioning of gender stereotypes, stylisation modelled on antiquity, oriental or expressionistic one, etc. Special place in his creativity is occupied by the Czechoslovak-Bulgarian film super-production titled Labakan (The False Prince), in which the adaptation of the fairy tale about a tailor's apprentice who wanted to take the place of the vizier's son became for the director a vehicle for his personal, author's commentary. The homosexual (homotextual) character of Krška's film reveals itself in its transgressive plot open to a "double reading", in its specific pansexuality and the "complex of male corporality", governed by the logic of covetous look, and in the paracamp aesthetic associated today with queer style. In Szymański's opinion, the materialization of homosexual phantasms on the screen offered both for the author and the spectators an area of freedom and "artistry of life": on the one hand it offered them shelter and was an escape from the oppressive cultural reality, on the other – it was becoming the means to contest and the practice of resistance to the heteronormative and totalitarian world.Whereas a barracks-sports farce titled Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad belongs to a bigger group of films which in this popular form were taking up the subject of exceptional and unique on the world scale events – Czechoslovak Spartakiads, with their most spectacular part in the form of mass gymnastic compositions performed at the Strahov Stadium in Prague. The fictional history of soldiers, who – overcoming their limitations and reverses of fortune, were preparing a composition of artistic gymnastics for the Spartakiads, was combined with documental shots of the real performing sports compositions at the Strahov in 1980. It inscribes into the normalized film "formats", that is the tested and "patented" stylistic and genre formulas used by the authorities as "soft" means of propaganda and indoctrination. The way in which Strnad presents military and sport homosocial relations, together with a domination in the film of the element of masculinity and the specific "complex of male corporality", imply some special interrelation between the erotisation of the male body, ideological directives, and political needs. What is more, according to Szymański, they also indicate that the purpose of the communist authorities was not only the "standard" creation and propagation of "appropriate" models of "real" masculinity, but also such shaping of male corporality and eroticism that they would support the existing political order instead of subverting it, and replicate the normalized "arrangement of sexuality".In this context the author looks closely at the Spartakiada's mass gymnastic exercises demon-strated by male gymnasts, and especially at the hugely popular shows performed by almost fourteen thousand of half-naked soldiers, which were an unprecedented in the communist public space celebration of male physicality and sensuality, characterised by special idealisation and aestheticisation, outstanding choreography and spectacular figures of the performers, erotic dialectics of clothes and nudity, and the condensation of tension which was gradually and sophisticatedly built.In these shows, the instrumentalisation of gender and eroticism, characteristic of Spartiakiads in general, was followed by the instrumentalisation of codes of homosexual look and desire, neutralisation of inversive connotations – were harnessed for the use of normalization.Homosexual phantasms which in the time of Krška could have been a stimulant of personal expression and practice of opposition, and at least an internal shelter and refuge, twenty years later were appropriated, manipulated and instrumentalised by the communist authorities, becoming part of their system normalizing procedures, a tool for ordering or "arranging sexuality" in accordance with political lines, and an instrument of self-totalitaring and self-harnessing actions. Дегенерация гомосексуального фантазма в нормализованном чехословацком кинематографе. От «Лабакана» Вацлава Кршки (1956) до «Парней из бронзы» Станислава Стрнада (1980) Аннотация Вдохновившись понятием «фантазма» в понимании Марии Янион, а также пользуясь концепциями, между прочим, Германа Ритца (поэтика невысказанного гомосексуального влечения и «комплекс телесности»), Марка Ферро (фильм как симптом, раскрывающий «тайную сторону» власти и общества) и Мишеля Фуко («диспозитив сексуальности») автор исследует отношение чехословацкого кинематографа к мужской наготе и сексуальности в более широком контексте социально-политической истории, а также чехословацкого кинематографического производства после Второй мировой войны.Анализ, сосредоточен на двух лентах: «Лабакан» Вацлава Кршки (1956) и «Парни из бронзы» Станислава Стрнада (1980). Он должен послужить сравнительному исследованию того, как были сублимированы и перенесены на экран гомосексуальные фантазмы в двух исторических моментах – во второй половине 1950-х гг., т.е. в период выхода из сталинизма и соцреализма, а также на рубеже 1970-х и 1980-х гг., т.е. в середине эпохи нормализации и функционирования режима Густава Гусака. Главной целью исследования является прослеживание симптоматичного качественного преобразования того, каким образом раскрываются и функционируют в кино гомосексуальные изображения (в определении Шиманского «дегенерации»). что отражает их присвоение, «перенаправление» и использование тоталитарной властью.В богатом литературном, театральном и кинематографическом творчестве Кршки мы находим многочисленные «тайные сигналы», а также отчетливые гомоэротические коннотации и подтексты, проявлявшиеся, между прочим, в спектакуляризации и эротизации мужского тела, своеобразной конструкции героев-аутсайдеров, опровержении половых стереотипов, антикизирующей, ориентальной или экспрессионистской итп. стилизации. В его творчестве особое место занимает чехословацко-болгарская суперпродукция «Лабакан» – адаптация романтической сказки о портном-подмастерье, мечтавшем занять место сына визира, ставшая для режиссера средством личного, авторского высказывания. В трансгрессивной, фабуле с возможным «двойным прочтением», в специфическом пансексуализме и «комплексе мужской телесности», которым правит логика жаждущего взгляда, а также в паракэмповой эстетике, ассоциирующейся сегодня с квирной стилистикой, проявляется гомосексуальный (гомотекстуальный) характер произведения Кршки. Согласно Шиманскому, материализация гомосексуальных фантазмов на экране создавала (как для художника, так и для потребителей картины) пространство свободы и «артизма жизни». С одной стороны она дарила им убежище и была средством ухода от угнетающей культурной действительности, а с другой – превращалась в выражение протеста и практикой сопротивления гетеронормативному и тоталитарному миру. Казарменно-спортивный фарс «Парни из бронзы», в свою очередь, принадлежит к более обширной группе произведений, затрагивавших в популярном киножанре тему мероприятий, исключительных в мировом масштабе – чехословацких спартакиад. Их самой зрелищной частью были массовые гимнастические показы, организовавшиеся каждые 5 лет на пражском Страговском стадионе. История воинской части, солдаты которой, побеждая собственные слабости и превратности судьбы, подготавливают спартакиядную гимнастическую комбинацию, смонтирована с документальными съемками настоящих показов на Страгове в 1980 году. Она вписывается в кинематографические «форматы» периода нормализации, то есть проверенные и «запатентованные» стилистико-жанровые формулы, которыми власти пользовались для «мягкой» пропаганды и индоктринации. Способ презентации Стрнадом армейских и спортивных гомообщественных отношений, а также доминирующая в картине стихия мужественности и связанный с ней специфический «комплекс телесности», указывают на своеобразную связь эротизации мужского тела с идеологическими директивами и политическими потребностями. Более того, согласно Шиманскому, они свидетельствуют и о том, что целью коммунистических властей было не только «стандартное» формирование и распространение «правильных» эталонов «настоящей» мужественности, но и такая обработка мужской телесности и эротики, чтобы они, вместо субверсивно подрывать существующий порядок, поддерживали его и воспроизводили нормализованный «диспозитив сексуальности».В этом контексте автор внимательнее присматривается к спартакиадным выступлениямгимнастов, особенно к пользующимся огромным успехом показам, в которых участвовало почти 14 000 полуобнаженных солдат. Они были беспрецедентным в коммунистическом общественном пространстве чествованием мужских телесности и чувственности, отличавшимся и особенными идеализацией эстетизацией, интересными хореографическими решениями и позами упражняющихся, эротической диалектикой прикрытия и обнаженности, а также изощренным сгущением драматического накала. В этих зрелищах, вслед за инструментализацией гендера и эротики, характерной для спартакиад в целом, пошла и инструментализация кодов гомосексуального взгляда и влечения, а также свойственного им воображариума, которые – после замены знаков местами и нейтрализации инверсионных коннотаций – использовались нормализационным правительством.Гомосексуальные фантазмы во времена Кршки могли еще служить стимулом для личной экспрессии и практикой сопротивления, или, хотя бы, внутренним убежищем и уходом. Двадцать лет спустя они оказались присвоены, сманипулированы и инструментализированы властью, превратившись в часть ее системных нормализирующих процедур, орудие «диспозитива сексуальности», соответствующего политическим требованиям, а также инструмент самототализирующих и укрощающих действий.

Karol Szymański depicts the history of the Warsaw cinemas and analyzes the cinema
repertoire in the particular time from September to December 1939 (that is from the outbreak
of World War II, through the defense and the siege of Warsaw, until the first months of the
German occupation) taking into account a wider context of living conditions in the capital
as well as a changing front and political situation. The author draws attention, among other
things, to the rapid decrease in the cinema audience in the first week of September. As
a consequence cinemas ceased to work, which made them unable to fulfill their informational
or propaganda role and provide the inhabitants of the fighting city with the escapist or
uplifting entertainment. During the siege of Warsaw some cinemas changed their functions
and became a shelter for several thousand fire victims and refugees, while others were
irretrievably destroyed in bombings and fires. In turn, after the capitulation and takeover of
the city by the Germans, some of the most representative cinemas which survived (they were
entirely expropriated by the administration of the General Government) began to gradually
resume their activity from the beginning of November. By the end of 1939 there were
already eight reactivated cinemas in Warsaw, including one (Helgoland, former Palladium)
intended only for the Germans. These cinemas showed only German films – they were
entertaining productions which were well-executed, devoid of explicit propaganda or
ideological elements, with the greatest stars of the Third Reich cinema. However, December
1939 brought also the first action of the Polish resistance against German cinemas and cinema
audience in Warsaw, which in the years to come developed and became an important element
of the civilian fight against the occupant.

The author – inspired by the notion of "phantasm" as proposed by Maria Janion, and using the concepts of, among others, German Ritz (the poetics of inexpressible homosexual desire and "complex of corporality"), Marc Ferro (film as a symptom revealing the "hidden side" of power and society) and Michel Foucault ("arrangement of sexuality") – examines the attitude of Czechoslovak cinema towards male nudity and sexuality in a broader context of socio-political history and filmmaking in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. An analysis, centred on two films: the Labakan (The False Prince) by Václav Krška (1956), and Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad (1980), is to comparatively examine how homosexual phantasms were sublimated and transferred to the screen in two historical moments – in the second half of the fifties, i.e. when the country was going out of the Stalinist and socialist realism period, and at the turn of the eighties, that is in the middle of the period of normalization and the regime of Gustáv Husák. The main purpose of the analysis is to examine a symptomatic change in quality – called by Szymański as "degeneration" – of the way in which homosexual imaginations were disclosed and functioned in films, that reflected their appropriation, "reorientation" and exploitation by the totalitarian authorities. In the rich literary, dramatic and film achievements of Krška we find many homosexual "hidden signals" as well as clear connotations and indications, expressing themselves in, among other things, spectacularization and erotization of the male body, a peculiar construct of protagonists-outsiders, questioning of gender stereotypes, stylisation modelled on antiquity, oriental or expressionistic one, etc. Special place in his creativity is occupied by the Czechoslovak-Bulgarian film super-production titled Labakan (The False Prince), in which the adaptation of the fairy tale about a tailor's apprentice who wanted to take the place of the vizier's son became for the director a vehicle for his personal, author's commentary. The homosexual (homotextual) character of Krška's film reveals itself in its transgressive plot open to a "double reading", in its specific pansexuality and the "complex of male corporality", governed by the logic of covetous look, and in the paracamp aesthetic associated today with queer style. In Szymański's opinion, the materialization of homosexual phantasms on the screen offered both for the author and the spectators an area of freedom and "artistry of life": on the one hand it offered them shelter and was an escape from the oppressive cultural reality, on the other – it was becoming the means to contest and the practice of resistance to the heteronormative and totalitarian world. ; Whereas a barracks-sports farce titled Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad belongs to a bigger group of films which in this popular form were taking up the subject of exceptional and unique on the world scale events – Czechoslovak Spartakiads, with their most spectacular part in the form of mass gymnastic compositions performed at the Strahov Stadium in Prague. The fictional history of soldiers, who – overcoming their limitations and reverses of fortune, were preparing a composition of artistic gymnastics for the Spartakiads, was combined with documental shots of the real performing sports compositions at the Strahov in 1980. It inscribes into the normalized film "formats", that is the tested and "patented" stylistic and genre formulas used by the authorities as "soft" means of propaganda and indoctrination. The way in which Strnad presents military and sport homosocial relations, together with a domination in the film of the element of masculinity and the specific "complex of male corporality", imply some special interrelation between the erotisation of the male body, ideological directives, and political needs. What is more, according to Szymański, they also indicate that the purpose of the communist authorities was not only the "standard" creation and propagation of "appropriate" models of "real" masculinity, but also such shaping of male corporality and eroticism that they would support the existing political order instead of subverting it, and replicate the normalized "arrangement of sexuality". In this context the author looks closely at the Spartakiada's mass gymnastic exercises demon-strated by male gymnasts, and especially at the hugely popular shows performed by almost fourteen thousand of half-naked soldiers, which were an unprecedented in the communist public space celebration of male physicality and sensuality, characterised by special idealisation and aestheticisation, outstanding choreography and spectacular figures of the performers, erotic dialectics of clothes and nudity, and the condensation of tension which was gradually and sophisticatedly built. In these shows, the instrumentalisation of gender and eroticism, characteristic of Spartiakiads in general, was followed by the instrumentalisation of codes of homosexual look and desire, neutralisation of inversive connotations – were harnessed for the use of normalization. Homosexual phantasms which in the time of Krška could have been a stimulant of personal expression and practice of opposition, and at least an internal shelter and refuge, twenty years later were appropriated, manipulated and instrumentalised by the communist authorities, becoming part of their system normalizing procedures, a tool for ordering or "arranging sexuality" in accordance with political lines, and an instrument of self-totalitaring and self-harnessing actions. ; p. 77-141 ; Summary in English and Russian. ; Continues: Studia z Dziejów ZSRR i Europy Środkowej ; The author – inspired by the notion of "phantasm" as proposed by Maria Janion, and using the concepts of, among others, German Ritz (the poetics of inexpressible homosexual desire and "complex of corporality"), Marc Ferro (film as a symptom revealing the "hidden side" of power and society) and Michel Foucault ("arrangement of sexuality") – examines the attitude of Czechoslovak cinema towards male nudity and sexuality in a broader context of socio-political history and filmmaking in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. An analysis, centred on two films: the Labakan (The False Prince) by Václav Krška (1956), and Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad (1980), is to comparatively examine how homosexual phantasms were sublimated and transferred to the screen in two historical moments – in the second half of the fifties, i.e. when the country was going out of the Stalinist and socialist realism period, and at the turn of the eighties, that is in the middle of the period of normalization and the regime of Gustáv Husák. The main purpose of the analysis is to examine a symptomatic change in quality – called by Szymański as "degeneration" – of the way in which homosexual imaginations were disclosed and functioned in films, that reflected their appropriation, "reorientation" and exploitation by the totalitarian authorities. In the rich literary, dramatic and film achievements of Krška we find many homosexual "hidden signals" as well as clear connotations and indications, expressing themselves in, among other things, spectacularization and erotization of the male body, a peculiar construct of protagonists-outsiders, questioning of gender stereotypes, stylisation modelled on antiquity, oriental or expressionistic one, etc. Special place in his creativity is occupied by the Czechoslovak-Bulgarian film super-production titled Labakan (The False Prince), in which the adaptation of the fairy tale about a tailor's apprentice who wanted to take the place of the vizier's son became for the director a vehicle for his personal, author's commentary. The homosexual (homotextual) character of Krška's film reveals itself in its transgressive plot open to a "double reading", in its specific pansexuality and the "complex of male corporality", governed by the logic of covetous look, and in the paracamp aesthetic associated today with queer style. In Szymański's opinion, the materialization of homosexual phantasms on the screen offered both for the author and the spectators an area of freedom and "artistry of life": on the one hand it offered them shelter and was an escape from the oppressive cultural reality, on the other – it was becoming the means to contest and the practice of resistance to the heteronormative and totalitarian world. ; Whereas a barracks-sports farce titled Kluci z bronzu (Boys of Bronze) by Stanislav Strnad belongs to a bigger group of films which in this popular form were taking up the subject of exceptional and unique on the world scale events – Czechoslovak Spartakiads, with their most spectacular part in the form of mass gymnastic compositions performed at the Strahov Stadium in Prague. The fictional history of soldiers, who – overcoming their limitations and reverses of fortune, were preparing a composition of artistic gymnastics for the Spartakiads, was combined with documental shots of the real performing sports compositions at the Strahov in 1980. It inscribes into the normalized film "formats", that is the tested and "patented" stylistic and genre formulas used by the authorities as "soft" means of propaganda and indoctrination. The way in which Strnad presents military and sport homosocial relations, together with a domination in the film of the element of masculinity and the specific "complex of male corporality", imply some special interrelation between the erotisation of the male body, ideological directives, and political needs. What is more, according to Szymański, they also indicate that the purpose of the communist authorities was not only the "standard" creation and propagation of "appropriate" models of "real" masculinity, but also such shaping of male corporality and eroticism that they would support the existing political order instead of subverting it, and replicate the normalized "arrangement of sexuality". In this context the author looks closely at the Spartakiada's mass gymnastic exercises demon-strated by male gymnasts, and especially at the hugely popular shows performed by almost fourteen thousand of half-naked soldiers, which were an unprecedented in the communist public space celebration of male physicality and sensuality, characterised by special idealisation and aestheticisation, outstanding choreography and spectacular figures of the performers, erotic dialectics of clothes and nudity, and the condensation of tension which was gradually and sophisticatedly built. In these shows, the instrumentalisation of gender and eroticism, characteristic of Spartiakiads in general, was followed by the instrumentalisation of codes of homosexual look and desire, neutralisation of inversive connotations – were harnessed for the use of normalization. Homosexual phantasms which in the time of Krška could have been a stimulant of personal expression and practice of opposition, and at least an internal shelter and refuge, twenty years later were appropriated, manipulated and instrumentalised by the communist authorities, becoming part of their system normalizing procedures, a tool for ordering or "arranging sexuality" in accordance with political lines, and an instrument of self-totalitaring and self-harnessing actions. ; s. 77-141 ; Streszcz. ang., ros. ; Czasop. kontynuuje numerację wydaw. pt.: Studia z Dziejów ZSRR i Europy Środkowej

In Poland, flu supervision is coordinated by the National Influenza Center at the National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene. In this publication, we want to determine geographical trends in influenza virus circulation in the region. A detailed analysis of virological and epidemiological data showed the course of the epidemic season in Poland, as well as in neighboring countries. The spatial differentiation of the incidence of infection between voivodships was examined, as well as compared to countries that border a given voivodship. The results show a significant variation in the incidence of infection in terms of time and space. This points to the need to increase the number of tests and to raise awareness among health care professionals and the public about the probability of an influenza pandemic, as undetected viruses can spread further into the European Union.