Suchergebnisse

La période 1987-1989 s'est distinguée en Pologne par une intensification des réformes touchant le commerce extérieur. Sans trop d'exagération, on peut dire que le système traditionnel a subi plus de modifications qu'au cours des quarante années précédentes. Pourtant, dès 1956, la nécessité d'une ouverture plus large sur l'extérieur et donc d'une modification du système centralisé de commerce extérieur avait été affirmée. Mais la pratique n'a pas suivi la théorie et la Pologne est progressivement devenue l'un des pays les moins ouverts de l'Europe.
La relance des réformes en 1987 traduit la volonté du pouvoir de faire face à une situation catastrophique. Fortement endettée à l'Ouest et à l'Est, la Pologne doit accroître ses exportations pour financer les importations indispensables et rembourser la dette. Les réformes introduites entre 1987 et 1989 devaient permettre la réalisation de la politique dite « pro-exportatrice » en limitant les fonctions régulatrices de l'État au profit des mécanismes de marché.
L'inventaire des réformes montre que, à la veille de l'arrivée au pouvoir de l'équipe de T. Mazowiecki, le système de commerce extérieur se distingue à plusieurs égards du modèle classique : le monopole d'État du commerce extérieur s'estompe, l'État renonce à la planification centralisée des échanges, l'accès libre au commerce extérieur, accordé en décembre 1988 à tous les agents économiques, brise le monopole des centrales. Parmi les nouvelles règles du jeu, notons : la politique active du taux de change, les subventions sélectives et un nouveau tarif douanier.
Au début de 1990, la Pologne devrait franchir un nouveau pas avec le lancement du « programme économique » du nouveau gouvernement. On annonce l'introduction d'un nouveau système inspiré de l'économie de marché et « se rapprochant de celui qui existe dans les pays hautement développés ». Le présent article aurait alors la valeur d'une contribution historique retraçant la difficile mutation du système.

Some thoughts on the crisis in Eastern Europe.
Despite a growing literature, and an increasing amount of comment on the subject, the debate on the « crisis in Eastern Europe » is by no means over. There are continuing controversies, and « Crisis or not ? », « Crisis now or in the future ? » are still vexed questions.
The texts in the current number which deal with the crisis suggest two different lines of approach : empirical and theoretical, and although productive of some very interesting results, they do not provide any definitive answer which would be acceptable to the generality of scholarly opinion.

Some observations on the emergence of new joint-stock companies in Polish shipping.
After a brief historical note on the existence of these enterprises following the establishment of the new regime in Poland, with a reminder that this represents a return to an earlier tradition going back before the second world war, the author describes the latest such companies to have been set up in shipping. There are three of these, and they differ from the old nationalized shipping lines by being genuinely self-managing, by the way in which their activities are defined (i.e. to make profits), by their terms of reference and by the type of controls to which they are subject. However, they are a recent development and it is still too early to judge their impact.

By observing the transition economies, we see that the trajectories followed by various countries have differed significantly, Poland being an example thereof. In the Polish transition, willful economic policies and institutional changes have been conjugated with social and political factors that have had an impact on the nature of changes and the course taken by the economy. Even though the transition has general characteristics, a degree of coherence is necessary between its different aspects. A few major traits of the Polish process, especially those having to do with the long-term and "initial conditions", are pointed out in order to show how historical conditions, political factors and social attitudes affect the system's transformation. While, at times, speeding up change, these factors have also restricted the "determinism" of change, thus contributing to the institution of a market economy, especially by setting up diversified institutional forms. The success of future reforms and, in particular, the wider opening of the economy will very much depend on maintaining this coherence.

The « price revolution » and the collapse of production in the state sector in Poland, 1990-1991.
The article offers an explanation of the mechanics of inflation and recession in Poland, as observed during the first two years' implementation of the stabilization programme.
The experience of countries which carried out stabilization programmes prior to Poland has shown that such programmes enable a brake to be put on inflation, but at the same time bring about a more or less serious recession. While the same phenomena are at present evident in Poland, can it be said that they have the same causes, and are of the same nature, as those to be seen in countries with a market economy, or mixed economy countries which follow the rules of the market ?
The authors start of with the argument that the nature of the Polish inflation and recession cannot be analysed without taking account of the status and roles of state enterprises, which continue to be in the majority in Poland. The present analysis, therefore, begins by studying the behaviour of public enterprises in relation to prices. Thus we have a microeconomic approach, which is unusual in studies on this subject which have appeared up till now. The authors consider that such an approach is justified, given the specific nature of an economy which is only just emerging from « real socialism ».

Ehwany, N.: Regional integration and reforms in the European and Arab experiences : challenges and prospects. - S. 5-10 Lange, M.: Introductory remarks. - S. 11 Moisseron, J.-Y.; Ss[!]zymkiewicz, K.: La Pologne : un exemple pour l'intégration des Pays Tiers Méditerranéens? - S. 13-35 Diaconescu, M.: L'integration de la Roumanie dans l'Union Europeene : facteur de stimulation pour les reformes economiques et politiques. - S. 37-76 Eder, M.: Will Turkey join the EU? : Economic reforms and "EU"niqueness of Turkey. -S. 77-99 Abdel Khalek, G.: Reforms and integration : the case of Egypt. - S. 101-131 Gana-Oueslati, E.: Impacts de l'Accord d'Association Tunisie-Union Europeéne : 10 ans aprés. - S. 133-158