Suchergebnisse

Az Európában egyik legrégibb múltra visszatekintő magyar, vagy magyarországi etnikai jellegű térképezés főként annak köszönheti eddigi különösen nagy termékenységét, hogy a Kárpát-medence területe a 17-18. század óta etnikai-nyelvi szempontból Európa etnikai-vallási szempontból egyik legtarkább népességű és éppen ezért – a felvilágosodás, a nemzeti ébredés kora óta – etnikai feszültségekkel egyik legjobban terhelt területének számít. A Magyar Királyság népeinek középkori békés együttélését fokozatosan ellenségessé változtató elmúlt két évszázad során, jórészt a nemzetiségek irredenta mozgalmai miatt, a tarka etnikai struktúra térbeli vetületének kutatása, térképezése emberek ezreinek-millióinak sorsát befolyásoló tényezővé vált. Írásunkban ennek a több mint két évszázados, a mindenkori politikai eseményekkel összefüggésben változó intenzitású, a Kárpát-medence területéhez kapcsolódó magyar etnikai térképezési tevékenység történetét szeretnénk vázolni.

Multiethnic borderlands, like Transcarpathia in Western Ukraine, are characterized by ethnic-linguistic-confessional complexity where ethnic boundary-making and ethnic categorization are constructed and rooted in politics. The present study aims to analyze how the mechanisms of ethnic categorization and boundary-making play out on a local level. Based on data analysis and fieldwork conducted in Hudya/Gődényháza in Transcarpathia, a village with ethnically, linguistically, and denominationally diverse population, we describe how "ethnicity" is getting blurred and reconstructed in the narrative strategies of residents. We examine the characteristics of the various classification systems (external classification, self-reporting) and their relation to each other. It is found that the ethnic, linguistic, and denominational affiliations in the village (and its wider region) are often divergent, which is reflected in the significant discrepancy between the data gathered in various ethnic classification systems. We argue that denomination is the prime factor of both self-identification and external classification, obscuring the boundaries between religious and standard ethnic terms. We further point to the formation of new boundaries between autochthonous and allochthonous populations. Although this cleavage emerged a few decades ago and has been transgressed by dozens of marriages among autochthonous and newcomers, it can easily get ethnicized, thus it adds an extra layer to the existing distinctions.

Ukraine's turbulent recent history has had serious economic and social effects in its westernmost region, Transcarpathia. The East Ukrainian armed conflict, accompanied by a serious economic downturn, resulted in major modifications in individual and family life strategies determined by emigration and the policies of the neighbouring V4 states. The main focus of the present research was to study how recent political events (Euromaidan, the Russian takeover in Crimea, the Donbas conflict) affected Transcarpathia and its ethnic Hungarian population; furthermore, how patterns of individual and family life and migration strategies have been influenced by Hungary's kin-state politics. The study is based on analysis of statistical data and policy documents, complemented by semi-structured interviews conducted in spring 2016. We found that the dynamics of emigration from Transcarpathia in the past few years are fuelled by the unrest in Eastern Ukraine (including the military drafts) and Hungary's kin-state politics, especially the preferential (re)naturalisation simplifying the acquisition of Hungarian citizenship. Individual and family livelihood strategies, migration patterns and cross-border connections are influenced by the regional geopolitics of V4 countries. We argue that the western neighbours of the weakening Ukraine have unobtrusively made attempts to take advantage of the changing geopolitical circumstances in order to increase their influence and attract human resources.

Ukraine's turbulent recent history has had serious economic and social effects in its westernmost region, Transcarpathia. The East Ukrainian armed conflict, accompanied by a serious economic downturn, resulted in major modifications in individual and family life strategies determined by emigration and the policies of the neighbouring V4 states. The main focus of the present research was to study how recent political events (Euromaidan, the Russian takeover in Crimea, the Donbas conflict) affected Transcarpathia and its ethnic Hungarian population; furthermore, how patterns of individual and family life and migration strategies have been influenced by Hungary's kin-state politics. The study is based on analysis of statistical data and policy documents, complemented by semi-structured interviews conducted in spring 2016. We found that the dynamics of emigration from Transcarpathia in the past few years are fuelled by the unrest in Eastern Ukraine (including the military drafts) and Hungary's kin-state politics, especially the preferential (re)naturalisation simplifying the acquisition of Hungarian citizenship. Individual and family livelihood strategies, migration patterns and cross-border connections are influenced by the regional geopolitics of V4 countries. We argue that the western neighbours of the weakening Ukraine have unobtrusively made attempts to take advantage of the changing geopolitical circumstances in order to increase their influence and attract human resources. ; Ostatnie wydarzenia na Ukrainie miały poważne skutki gospodarcze i społeczne także dla najbardziej na zachód wysuniętego regionu kraju - Zakarpacia. Konfliktowi z Rosją towarzyszy poważne spowolnienie gospodarcze, które z kolei przyczyniło się do modyfikacji indywidualnych i rodzinnych strategii uwarunkowanych procesami migracyjnymi oraz polityką prowadzoną przez państwa ościenne (członków Grupy Wyszehradzkiej). Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie, jak ostatnie wydarzenia polityczne (Euromajdan, zajęcie Krymu przez Rosję oraz konflikt w Donbasie) mają wpływ na funkcjonowanie rdzennej ludności węgierskiej na Zakarpaciu. Ponadto, jak na indywidualne i rodzinne strategie oraz wzorce migracyjne wpłynęła polityka Węgier jako zagranicznej ojczyzny. Badanie opiera się na analizie danych statystycznych i dokumentów, źródłem uzupełniającym są wywiady przeprowadzone wiosną 2016 roku. Badanie pokazało, że dynamika emigracji z Zakarpacia w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat jest związana z sytuacją polityczną we wschodniej Ukrainie (w tym z poborem do wojska), oraz polityką Węgier, szczególnie z polityką naturalizacji, która preferuje osoby węgierskiego pochodzenia, ułatwiając im nabycie węgierskiego. Strategie życiowe (indywidualne i rodzinne), wzorce migracji i relacje transgraniczne pozostają pod wpływem regionalnej polityki prowadzonej przez państwa wyszehradzkiej czwórki. Autorzy twierdzą, że zachodni sąsiedzi osłabionego państwa ukraińskiego podejmowali dyskretne próby wykorzystania zmieniających się warunków geopolitycznych w celu zwiększenia swojego wpływu politycznego w regionie oraz pozyskania kapitału ludzkiego w postaci imigrantów. ; The research was supported by the IVF Standard Grant titled "Cross-border cooperation at the time of crisis on neighbor's soil" (No. 21510578) and in the framework of the bilateral agreement on scientific co-operation between the Ukrainian and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, titled: "Regional processes and global challenges following the 2008 crisis in Ukraine and Hungary" (No. 2326/2016). ; Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytet Warszawski

The current study investigates the demographic processes and challenges of
the Hungarian developmentally peripheral settlements. Demographic challenges
can be regarded as important consequences of the social and economic
disadvantages in spatial terms. However, the interrelating negative
demographic tendencies cause even more backward situation blocking or
hindering the development. The objective of the current analysis is to
discover the demographic characteristics of the peripheral settlements, to
detect the spatial disparities and to point out the correlation between
backwardness and the investigated demographic phenomena with the help of the
census databases 1980-2011 and local datasets on Roma population. Using
methods of multivariate statistical analysis, seven indicators were selected
in order to achieve the goals of the paper. Backward areas are primarily
characterized by population decrease with significant disparities, but there
were growing communities among them as well. Some small villages in Northern
and Southwestern Hungary will foreseeably face complete depopulation within
few years. Primarily small sized villages faced intense decrease in rate of
natural change, but dynamic population growth was also detected. Migration
loss tends to correlate with the extent of peripherality, as increasing
values of migration balance accompany decreasing ratio of peripheral
settlements in the area. The ratio of elderly population shows an
expressively two-faced character, with the extremely aging and very juvenile
settlements. The ratios of Roma population reflect the scale of
peripherality. Extended ethnic change could be predicted in Northeastern and
Southwestern Hungary and near the Middle Tisza valley. Presented demographic
processes will make the backwardness of most of the peripheral settlements
stable.

According to the last Ukrainian census in 2001, 152 thousand people declared Hungarianethnicity in Transcarpathia. Since that time, there is no reliable and up-to-date data on theethno-demographic development of the region's population. It is especially hard to register themigration flows particularly salient since the outbreak of the armed conflict in East Ukrainein 2014. Based on four data sources (official Ukrainian and Hungarian statistics and tworepresentative surveys), the present study aims at revealing the volume of the permanent andtemporary migration of Hungarians in Transcarpathia and its impact on their number. Wefound that the same migration flow is associated with various figures by each of the data sourcesconducted with different methods and by different actors. According to the more reliable surveys,9 to 14 thousand ethnic Hungarians emigrated from Transcarpathia since 2001; consequently,the number of Hungarians is estimated at approximately 130 thousand people in the beginningof 2017.