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Population ageing is a topic of great concern in many countries. To counteract the negative effects of ageing, increased fertility or immigration are often proposed as demographic remedies. Changed emigration is, however, rarely mentioned. We explore whether reduced emigration could mitigate ageing in a country like Norway. Using cohort-component methods, we create hypothetical future demographic scenarios with lower emigration rates, and we present (prospective) old-age dependency ratios, population growth and shares of immigrants. We also estimate howmuch fertility and immigrationwould have to change to yield the same effects. In different scenarios, emigration is reduced for the total population and for subgroups, while also taking into account that reduced emigration of natives will entail reduced return migration. Our results show that even a dramatic 50% decrease in annual emigration would mitigate ageing only slightly, by lowering the old-age dependency ratio in 2060 from 0.54 to 0.52. This corresponds to the anti-ageing effect of 15% higher fertility, or one-quarter extra child per woman.

Although substantial research has been conducted to quantify the determinants of international migration, most official population projections do not include such determinants in a formal migration model. Statistics Norway forecasts gross immigration to Norway using an econometric model based on standard migration theories. The main variables include income level, unemployment, and population size in Norway and the sending countries, and the number of immigrants already living in Norway. Projections of exogenous variables are drawn from international and Norwegian sources. Three different alternatives are specified for the income variables, leading to three different forecasts for gross immigration until 2100.

Agder was and is an important industrial and working-class county. Wasn't it in Arendal that the Norwegian Labor Party was founded? Isn't it the case that a number of eloquent agitators, ideologues and strategists come from the South? It's not a guess that Kristiansand is new Houston? This book will help bring work, the workers and the labor movement in Agder out of oblivion. Eight authors take us through working life in Southern Norway between 1500 and 2020.

The history of industrial work in Sørlandet is proud and varied: There was shipbuilding and ironworks operation, steam engines and mechanical workshops, textile industry, breweries and bakeries before 1900. Around the turn of the century, the region gained large jobs in wood processing and the electrometallurgical industry. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by many small and medium-sized businesses. And in recent times there has been another increase, with industrial work in shipbuilding and the oil industry.

This anthology deals with the history of work, workers and the labor movement and also concerns challenges, conflicts and cooperation. As several of the contributions in the book show, it happened that Sørlandet's underclass took a strong stand against the authorities and employers.

Labour, the workers and the labor movement in Agder not only have a past, but also a present. Two of the contributions shed light on current topics such as labor migration in and out of Agder, neoliberalism and trade union work in Agder. The chapters in the book are relevant for both researchers and lay people, not least from the labor movement, from Agder and other parts of the country. - Agder var og er et viktig industri- og arbeiderfylke. Var det ikke i Arendal at Det norske Arbeiderpartiet ble stiftet? Er det ikke slik at en rekke taleføre agitatorer, ideologer og strateger kommer fra Sørlandet? Går det ikke gjetord om at Kristiansand er det nye Houston? Denne boka vil bidra til å hente fram fra glemselen arbeid, arbeiderne og arbeiderbevegelsen på Agder. Åtte forfattere tar oss med gjennom arbeidslivet på Sørlandet mellom 1500 og 2020.

Historia om industrielt arbeid på Sørlandet er stolt og variert: Det var skipsbygging og jernverksdrift, dampmaskiner og mekaniske verksteder, tekstilindustri, bryggerier og bakerier før 1900. Omkring århundreskiftet fikk landsdelens store arbeidsplasser innen treforedlingen og den elektrometallurgiske industrien. På 1900-tallet ble disse supplert med mange små og mellomstore bedrifter. Og i den seneste tida kom enda en tilvekst, med industrielt arbeid i fartøysbygging og oljeindustrien.

Denne antologien tar for seg historia om arbeid, arbeidere og arbeiderbevegelsen og dreier seg også om utfordringer, konflikter og samarbeid. Som flere av bidragene i boka viser, hendte det at Sørlandets underklasse tok kraftig til motmæle mot øvrighet og arbeidsgivere.

Arbeid, arbeiderne og arbeiderbevegelsen på Agder har ikke bare ei fortid, men også ei samtid. To av bidragene kaster lys på dagsaktuelle emner som arbeidsmigrasjon inn og ut av Agder, nyliberalismen og fagforeningsarbeid på Agder. Kapitlene i boka er aktuelle for både forskere og lekfolk, ikke minst fra arbeiderbevegelsen, fra Agder og andre landsdeler.