Suchergebnisse

The World Medical Association was set up in 1947 in the wake of outrage about war crimes committed by doctors in Hitler's Germany. For nearly 50 years it has lurched from one controversy to another, arguing within itself about its funding, its voting system, and the representativeness and political affiliation of some of its member medical associations. The BMA withdrew from the association in 1984, supporting a breakaway "Toronto" group including Canada, the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Jamaica. All but Britain and Jamaica have now rejoined and membership is growing, but the association is still struggling to gain credibility and clout. After 20 years of part time stewardship the recent appointment of a new full time secretary general has fuelled expectations that internal reforms will be implemented, and the WMA's standing and profile improved.

This study examines Chinese laborers on the transcontinental railroad and in the California gold rush. Through a study/survey of sources such as, Chinese Soujorn Labor and the American Transcontinental Railroad. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 161, no. 1 (2005): 80–102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40752497/. In this source, the author describes why the Chinese labor force was so prevalent on the Transcontinental Railroad. The Railroad administrators needed a cheap labor force that would continue to work hard. The Chinese were willing to work for a lower wage than Native Americans and Europeans, making them a good choice for administers to employ. My research relies on primary sources including photographs of structures that Chinese laborers built with no machinery and personal correspondence between workers on the railroad. I also analyze discriminatory legislation and legal cases from the 1870s and 1880s to highlight the extreme racism Chinese laborers experienced while helping build a country that was not their own. I supplement my primary source research with secondary source material describing what life was like in Chinese camps along the railroad and in California during the gold rush. Significance: The Chinese labor force that arose in the United States was crucial to the Transcontinental Railroad and to the United States. It is important as historians to understand the racial scrutiny that the Chinese were under while connecting the United States. As a country, we like to skip over parts of our history that gives credit to minorities. It is significant to view the Chinese immigrants that were putting their lives on the line for almost no money to make the United States a more united country, all while dealing with racism in both laws that were being passed by the government, and through violence.

Background: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the world's most iconic coral reef ecosystem, recognised internationally as a World Heritage Area of outstanding significance. Safeguarding the biodiversity of this universally important reef is a core legislative objective; however, ongoing cumulative impacts including widespread coral bleaching and other detrimental impacts have heightened conservation concerns for the future of the GBR. Methods: Here we review the literature to report on processes threatening species on the GBR, the status of marine biodiversity, and evaluate the extent of species-level monitoring and reporting. We assess how many species are listed as threatened at a global scale and explore whether these same species are protected under national threatened species legislation. We conclude this review by providing future directions for protecting potentially endangered elements of biodiversity within the GBR. Results: Most of the threats identified to be harming the diversity of marine life on the GBR over the last two-three decades remain to be effectively addressed and many are worsening. The inherent resilience of this globally significant coral reef ecosystem has been seriously compromised and various elements of the biological diversity for which it is renowned may be at risk of silent extinction. We show at least 136 of the 12,000+ animal species known to occur on the GBR (approximately 20% of the 700 species assessed by the IUCN) occur in elevated categories of threat (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) at a global scale. Despite the wider background level of threat for these 136 species, only 23 of them are listed as threatened under regional or national legislation. Discussion: To adequately protect the biodiversity values of the GBR, it may be necessary to conduct further targeted species-level monitoring and reporting to complement ecosystem management approaches. Conducting a vigorous value of information analysis would provide the opportunity to evaluate what new and ...

Abstract  Previous studies have established that community residents and leaders differ in their support for hazardous waste facility siting in rural areas (Spies et al. 1998). We examine whether these same differences exist in rural communities that face other high‐risk development decisions by analyzing resident and leader support for a proposed gold cyanide process (GCP) mine in Montana. Compared to proposed hazardous waste facilities, a much stronger predictor of both resident and leader support in the GCP mine context is recreancy, or distrust in institutions and outside interveners. However, perceived economic benefits remain key differences between residents and leaders in both the GCP mine and hazardous waste facility cases.